tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8609676393797594402024-03-07T10:33:56.001+07:00flavoring the world flavoring the world flavoring the world flavoring flavor for tobacco contack person 089652729980sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.comBlogger79125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-40852285826348885002018-10-26T11:23:00.002+07:002018-10-26T11:23:28.396+07:00MARLBORO FILTER BLACK, SKM FULL FLAVOR PERTAMA DI INDONESIA DENGAN AIR FLOW FILTER DAN PRO SEAL<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #898989; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<br /><img height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi203uOEj39aO8TbNgdgav8NwvXAiX__lRPuvixwNQwwwtxnJsWNWx_g4Wcj-t1tzKVCBdUjANtPwI7K2EYMS8mk18dDSgDIChKhv0zhFcwaTAonzqCgD8YNTxgq_A8hE6UUHulowrkOcQZ/s640/IMG_4605.jpg" width="480" /><br />Selamat malam,</div>
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Hari ini merupakan postingan pertama admin di bulan September tercinta ini. Mengingat saya sudah banyak mereview rokok di Indonesia, maka saya bisa mengklaim web ini menjadi satu-satunya blog yang membahas rokok secara komprehensif, baik dari segi kemasan, dari segi isi, dan juga dari segi rasa. Maklum, di luar negeri sana banyak yang membahas mengenai rokok terutama dari negeri Jepang sana. Saya jujur bingung mau intro apa di postingan kali ini, yang jelas saya mau bahas soal Marlboro Filter Black yang pada Jumat kemarin hari sudah terdistribusi di Indomaret namun peluncurannya sendiri pada akhir Agustus 2016.</div>
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Saya sedikit ingin bercerita mengapa admin bisa mendapat produk ini. Saat itu admin dalam kondisi pulang ke Jakarta untuk menemui orang tua. Dalam hal ini admin sebelum pulang menyempatkan diri untuk membeli produk yang baru saja diluncurkan ini. Saya melihat di etalase harganya Rp. 20.000* sesuai harga yang direkomendasikan. Kemudian admin akhirnya membeli dengan sepenuh hati demi para pembaca semua. Dan selesailah cerita random ini.<a name='more'></a></div>
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Oh iya, saya ingin memberitahu bahwa Marlboro Filter Black merupakan produk kedua dari Marlboro dalam segmen SKM Full Flavor dimana sebelumnya sudah ada Marlboro Filter Mix 9 yang sudah diluncurkan sebelumnya pada tahun 2007 namun dikarenakan penjualannya kurang baik maka produksinya dihentikan.</div>
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Ada beberapa alasan mengapa Marlboro Filter Black mulai diluncurkan pada akhir Agustus 2016 dan baru beredar sekitar awal September 2016 dan masuk ke warung pada tanggal 5 September 2016 diantaranya sebagai berikut</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; text-align: justify;">Segmen SKM FF atau lazim disebut dengan rokok filter (dalam bahasa awamnya) merupakan segmen yang dianggap Philip Morris Indonesia cukup menjual dikarenakan berdasar Annual Report yang sudah dipublish pada kuarter 1 2016 menunjukan segmen SKM menunjukan angka 73,5% dimana Sampoerna sendiri menguasai 29,9% dari segmen SKM secara keseluruhan, dalam hal ini A Mild menyumbang banyak penjualan sebanyak 15% dari total keseluruhan penjualan rokok di Indonesia dan menjadi market leader di Indonesia dari total penjualan rokok. Sedang Marlboro sendiri hanya mampu meraih market share sebanyak 5,1% dari total penjualan rokok di Indonesia atau masuk kedalam peringkat 5 rokok yang paling banyak terjual di Indonesia. Mengingat brand equity dari Marlboro sudah sangat baik, dan banyak pertimbangan mengingat 93% perokok di Indonesia ialah perokok kretek maka Marlboro akhirnya mengeluarkan lagi versi SKM FF dengan beberapa perubahan yang signifikan dibanding sebelumnya.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; text-align: justify;">Pasar SKM FF dengan kadar tar dibawah 30 mg bisa dibilang sangat jarang pemain untuk saat ini. Pelopornya ialah Surya Professional dimana kadar tarnya ialah 25 mg dengan rasa khas Full Flavor namun dengan ukuran yang lebih kecil. Djarum Black juga bisa dikatakan sebagai pesaing dari Surya Pro namun dengan diameter yang lebih kecil yang sama dengan rokok mild pada umumnya. Dikarenakan Marlboro memiliki image maskulin yang tinggi (untuk seri merah atau Flavor), maka dipilihlah Marlboro Filter Black untuk menandingi kedua merek rokok tersebut.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; text-align: justify;">Dengan inovasi Air Flow Filter (dua lapis filter, dengan lubang berbentuk tube), Marlboro Filter Plus menawarkan hal yang berbeda dengan kompetitor yakni rasa yang lebih mantap namun dengan smoothness yang baik serta kadar tar yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kompetitor. Disertai dengan inovasi PRO SEAL yang pertama kali ditawarkan di Indonesia, rokok ini seakan menjadi pesaing berat dari Dunhill Filter yang menawarkan seal Reloc namun akan kerepotan dalam membuka sealnya, dimana dengan adanya PRO SEAL ketika dibuka kemasannya langsung terbuka sealnya secara otomatis. Dalam hal ini ditujukan sebagai jawaban Sampoerna atas adanya Dunhill Filter yang diluncurkan pada November 2014 lalu.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; text-align: justify;">Produk ini seakan menjadi produk adaptasi dari Marlboro Premium Black yang sudah diluncurkan di 3 negara ASEAN namun dengan kearifan lokal yakni dalam wujud SKM Full Flavor. Dengan kesamaan dalam kemasan dan seal yang digunakan, serta tipping paper yang memiliki desain hampir mirip, Marlboro seakan memasuki segmen baru dalam hal SKM Full Flavor dengan adanya seal dan inovasi pada filternya yang tidak bisa ditiru kompetitor.</li>
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Baiklah itu merupakan alasan mengapa Marlboro meluncurkan versi kreteknya pada akhir Agustus lalu. Daripada kelamaan lebih baik kita review rokoknya dengan seksama. Untuk harga rokok ini ialah Rp. 20.000 (cukai 20.000) dengan kuantitas isi 20 Batang. Untuk ukuran SKM Full Flavor bisa dibilang terhitung murah mengingat bila diketeng, rokok ini akan dijual dengan harga 1.000 per batangnya. Untuk harga sendiri saya memberi nilai 7.4 dari 10.</div>
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Kemudian kita review kemasannya dengan seksama<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
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Kemasan rokok ini menggunakan basis warna merah tua disertai warna hitam. Model kemasan ini menggunakan kemasan sudut C-Shape yang sudah diterapkan pada Marlboro yang menggunakan Pro Seal. Bagian depan dan belakang kemasan terdapat rooftop Marlboro berwarna merah tua disertai emboss tulisan Marlboro dan logo Philip Morris khas dari Marlboro 2.0. Logo Philip Morris berupa badge dimana teksturnya bisa dirasakan dengan sangat halus, dan tulisan Marlboro disini menggunakan warna merah tua dengan unsur transparan. Adanya tulisan <u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <b style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">FILTER</b> <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BLACK</i> </u>berwarna putih disertai garis berbentuk jarum berwarna merah menyiratkan rokok ini masuk kedalam jenis SKM FF dimana dalam hal ini tulisan<b style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> FILTER</b>-nya di bold sedemikian rupa dan tulisan<i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> BLACK</i>di italic-an untuk mempertegas varian terbaru dari Marlboro ini. Hitam disini melambangkan kesan bold dan harsh yang ingin dijual oleh rokok ini, sedang merah melambangkan berani dan menggambarkan rasa yang full khas keluarga Marlboro Flavor. Tulisan 20 CIGARETTES dengan font ala eurostile menggambarkan rokok ini berisi 20 batang. Bagian samping kemasan tertulis FILTER KRETEK dan SKM yang menjelaskan rokok ini masuk kedalam jenis SKM dengan rasa yang full alias Full Flavor. Bagian samping lainnya terdapat logo AIR FLOW FILTER yang menjelaskan fitur utama yang ingin dijual rokok ini. Air Flow Filter sendiri tersusun dari dua filter asetat yang pada bagian bawahnya merupakan filter biasa sedang bagian hisapannya terletak sebuah hollow atau lubang khusus yang mampu mengambil udara banyak untuk menciptakan kesan smooth namun tetap memiliki rasa yang mantap. Bagian atas kemasan terdapat logo Marlboro dalam kotak merah tua transparan dan bagian bawah rokok ini tertulis PT HM SAMPOERNA, Tbk. yang merupakan anak perusahaan dari Philip Morris International. Sangat menjual dan menarik untuk dilihat. Untuk kemasan sendiri saya memberi nilai 9.4 dari 10.</div>
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Kemudian kita buka plastiknya dan kemasannya dengan seksama</div>
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Ketika plastiknya dibuka dan kemasannya dibuka, kemasan ini bisa dibilang agak sedikit susah dibanding kemasan rokok pada umumnya. Kemasan luar ini ketika dipegang sangat doff layaknya Marlboro 2.0 pada umumnya. Terdapat foil otomatis yang dinamakan PRO SEAL yang berfungsi menjaga citarasa rokok tetap sama dari awal bukaan hingga akhir bukaan dan menjaga kelembaban dari rokok itu sendiri. Serta menghindari penyakit masuk angin yang mungkin bisa terjadi pada rokok ketika dibiarkan kelamaan. Sepertinya PRO SEAL akan ditawarkan pada keluarga Marlboro lainnya paling minim tahun depan. Doakan saja. Kuantitas rokok ini ialah 20 batang dengan susunan yang sama dengan jenis rokok isi 20 batang umumnya.</div>
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Kemudian kita coba tarik batangnya dengan seksama</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqKXXgL0uwbTgFrXg4GYO_17lSNsncLYariXob-0c7JKK2-HnZj9OAbi3nnvovsaWWm7mQ140DkUS6kgA3a65u1CUq6kFBEwF5Q9LcAtfqxN_K3QjS4uyhpBy4XxmOGAv3inOSimT_VzeX/s1600/IMG_4612.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqKXXgL0uwbTgFrXg4GYO_17lSNsncLYariXob-0c7JKK2-HnZj9OAbi3nnvovsaWWm7mQ140DkUS6kgA3a65u1CUq6kFBEwF5Q9LcAtfqxN_K3QjS4uyhpBy4XxmOGAv3inOSimT_VzeX/s320/IMG_4612.JPG" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>
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Batang rokok ini memiliki panjang yang sama dengan SKM FF dengan ukuran panjang pada umumnya namun dengan diameter yang agak sedikit lebih slim dibandingkan kompetitor. Dalam hal ini pada bagian tipping papernya terdapat motif cork pada umumnya dengan warna abu-abu, disertai objek yang diatasnya bertuliskan FILTER BLACK dengan adanya unsur segitiga curve, dan tulisan Marlboro di sisi lainnya. Bisa dibilang pada bagian tipping papernya mengadopsi Marlboro Premium Black yang dijual di 3 negara Asean.</div>
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Hal yang unik pada rokok ini ialah adanya filter bolong yang disebut dengan Air Flow Filter. Mekanismenya ialah mengambil udara banyak dan masuk ke bolongan (hollow) untuk menciptakan kesan smooth namun tetap berkarakter. Filternya bisa dilihat dibawah ini.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_5e9IDwPFXaDf3WnMR4GspTDJmQluKiY0EDDKxTXR-owBVG_oYhm4gVJPmwVZVwJJlmdYGaDyoCpSDHHuU9IMtkS-xeh8415IUk-Qr4zmKrOCt-5WhstLLf2lG1IC3bFhe26U_iYSPqCe/s1600/IMG_4614.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_5e9IDwPFXaDf3WnMR4GspTDJmQluKiY0EDDKxTXR-owBVG_oYhm4gVJPmwVZVwJJlmdYGaDyoCpSDHHuU9IMtkS-xeh8415IUk-Qr4zmKrOCt-5WhstLLf2lG1IC3bFhe26U_iYSPqCe/s320/IMG_4614.JPG" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>
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Baiklah, daripada kelamaan mending kita coba rasakan rokoknya dengan seksama. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWlipTkrX1xgY7cERKfDETSNEhwg_0Q7w5mPVVb4Lg_jtK2B3t4d-7tMH1lPKkac09CMFdthLuNr4NG2yiIteCKqo7vGogKrE9K6RG_jPc55OVCpqjWcoXo4FOAIkgBBH_fmTwJemzfyfv/s1600/IMG_4615.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWlipTkrX1xgY7cERKfDETSNEhwg_0Q7w5mPVVb4Lg_jtK2B3t4d-7tMH1lPKkac09CMFdthLuNr4NG2yiIteCKqo7vGogKrE9K6RG_jPc55OVCpqjWcoXo4FOAIkgBBH_fmTwJemzfyfv/s320/IMG_4615.JPG" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>
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Rasa rokok ini bisa dibilang sangat fruity dan spicy, tingkat kemanisan rokok ini bisa dibilang menengah. Memiliki unsur cocoa yang cukup terasa, disertai unsur berry (kemungkinan Raspberry) khas rokok buatan Gudang Garam dan sentuhan fermented khas black rhum yang cukup terasa. Dalam hal ini intensitas spicynya sangat terasa, namun tertutupi dengan sensasi saus campuran berry, nangka, dan cocoa. Dalam hal ini karakter Marlboro tergambar dengan unsur cocoa, sedang karakter kreteknya tergambar dengan unsur berry dan ada sedikit unsur nangka. Agaknya rasa rokok ini mengingatkan saya dengan U Bold yang dulu saya pernah review, namun dengan intensitas yang lebih rendah. Cukup harshnessnya, namun smooth ketika ditarik. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya Air Flow Filter yang membuat rasanya lebib refined namun tetap menjaga citarasa strong yang ingin dijual rokok ini. Ketika dibakar maka flow filter akan berubah warna sebagai berikut</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4AvSIwXdjPGG8vdcMZixrwO-mkYnc6rnkbb1Bl14ucPII9VxwVPTRkc09x3w9JGv6RNx2cLP-2Lxn6Ur2KP2E69Qywea7LIB7m_45pUp7i5arD5200kQya64hR0vho3rMTayCviPOSKF5/s1600/IMG_4616.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4AvSIwXdjPGG8vdcMZixrwO-mkYnc6rnkbb1Bl14ucPII9VxwVPTRkc09x3w9JGv6RNx2cLP-2Lxn6Ur2KP2E69Qywea7LIB7m_45pUp7i5arD5200kQya64hR0vho3rMTayCviPOSKF5/s320/IMG_4616.JPG" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>
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Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa rokok ini merupakan rokok dual filter pertama dalam segmen SKM Full Flavor. Unsur spicy disini cukup terasa terutama berkat adanya penambahan rempah dalam intensitas yang menengah. Throat hit tidak begitu terasa, namun unsur earthy rokok ini sangat terasa terutama penggunaan tembakau lokal berkualitas yang sangat terasa. Sangat nikmat, bahkan sangat mantap bila ditemani kopi hitam. Aromanya sangat nikmat, bahkan menurut saya sangat enak secara rasa. Tidak menimbulkan rasa tidak nyaman pada tenggorokan mengingat Air Flow Filter sangat mampu membuat tarikan yang lembut namun tetap berkarakter khas. Durasi bakar sangat pas, bahkan menurut saya rokok ini lebih cepat dibanding SKM FF umumnya, namun dengan waktu yang pas sehingga cocok untuk nongkrong dalam waktu cukup cepat. Namun kelemahannya ialah ketika mendekati tipping paper rokok ini akan mulai panas, namun tipping paper rokok ini cenderung lebih kuat dibandingkan SKM FF buatan Sampoerna lainnya. Memiliki aftertaste yang cukup terasa, terutama sensasi fruitynya. Sangat mantap dan cukup saya bisa rekomendasikan terutama bagi anda perokok SKM FF yang ingin merasakan sensasi berbeda. Untuk rasa saya beri nilai 8.7 dari 10.</div>
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KESIMPULAN</div>
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Dengan harga per batang yang terhitung lebih murah, adanya seal khusus secara otomatis, dan kemasan yang keren serta rasa yang mantap, rokok ini saya bisa rekomendasikan terutama bagi anda yang menginginkan sensasi lebih dalam sentuhan full flavor. Harga rokok ini memang mahal bila dibeli perbungkus, namun secara matematis rokok ini termasuk murah mengingat bila dibeli satuan maka harganya hanya 1.000. Untuk distribusi sendiri sudah baik, namun hari ini saya hanya bisa menjumpainya di Indomaret mengingat distribusi akan berjalan baik ke warung mulai esok hari. Kelemahan rokok ini ialah ketika mendekati akhir akan terasa panas mengingat rokok ini masuk kedalam SKM FF, kelemahan ini memang sudah terjadi pada rokok SKM FF buatan Sampoerna, namun adanya tipping paper yang lebih kuat mampu menahan rasa panas tersebut sehingga tidak sepanas merek SKM FF Sampoerna lainnya. Overall saya sangat suka dengan rokok ini, yang jelas saya memberi nilai 8.5 dari 10. Artinya rokok ini memang mahal secara harga, namun karena rokok ini masuk kedalam SKM FF maka akan terhitung lebih murah dibandingkan kompetitor.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Demikian postingan saya kali ini. Bila ada pertanyaan silahkan email saya, mention saya di @ReviewRokok dan ask saya di </span><a href="http://ask.fm/reviewrokok" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;">ask.fm/reviewrokok</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">. Sekian dan terima kasih.<br /><br /><a href="http://reviewrokok.blogspot.com/2016/09/marlboro-filter-black-skm-full-flavor.html" target="_blank">sumber</a></span></div>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-53725924196702286522018-10-25T17:00:00.000+07:002018-10-25T17:00:34.766+07:00Top Blockchain Applications Making Waves in Commercial Real Estate<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><img height="459" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Vacz-DiAkx6NL-6_BNd0zoPYaiRkppjc7e2QEgpeUwr53lvGj0IXS_JxeYSgNxxotCRUXAEQ1fHseugYvS6Wwd639tGYmKSKgwwwBleuMULJnwR-_nS95ZhcV6bznHAeoqO4v8U1" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The commercial real estate (CRE) industry is comprised of many different types of service providers, including property management, brokerage firms, banks, and other types of lenders.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a> When a CRE transaction takes place, there are various operators involved, requiring extensive sharing of official property documents, and financial information which need to be validated. The requirements for validating all information across all parties slows down the speed of each transaction, which can take weeks and months to complete. Many CRE firms have turned to blockchain to speed up execution times, decrease error and increase transparency in each transaction.<br />
<h2 dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #45818e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 22.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">What Is Blockchain?</span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Blockchain technology is a way to store and transfer information in an encrypted manner by distributing data instead of copying it in a central location. Blockchain does so through a cloud, peer-to-peer network that eliminates the need for a third party, which ultimately reduces transaction fees. A digital ledger is then created and updated with each financial transaction in blocks.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">There are plenty of benefits to making transactions and transferring data using blockchain as the technology is not controlled by one central entity, such as a central bank. This means that breaching these blocks is extremely difficult, maintaining the sanctity and transparency of its transactions and data.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Blockchain is the backbone of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, which offer speedy and low-cost ways of sending and receiving money.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #45818e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 22.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Faster Transactions</span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">One of the most exciting ways blockchain is disrupting the CRE world is in the form of smart contracts. The industry currently relies on an inefficient system of old-school verification of property ownership by conducting research to ensure the property belongs to the party who is selling it.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Blockchain can reduce the speed in which the chain of custody regarding CRE properties takes place as a property’s title would be stored on a public ledger. This would remove the need for another central repository, thus reducing transaction, state, city and legal costs. The same principle would apply for leases that would be recorded via blockchain.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #45818e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 22.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">More Transparent Deals</span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Blockchain can also ensure that real estates assets are more liquid and the terms of the agreement are fully understood by both sides as every piece of data regarding a property would be stored publicly. This includes data surrounding former owners, construction done on the property, past maintenance costs and records regarding former inspections.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Having all this information available would give the investor a more comprehensive idea of the property they are investing in. Blockchain essentially ensures that everyone is on the same page and both sides are fully aware of what they’re getting into as every piece of information is out there for anyone to access.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #45818e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 22.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Digital Paper Trail</span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Another challenge with the CRE industry is the fact that public records can be outdated, unreliable or not available. Following a property’s paper trail can be time-consuming and frustrating as a lot of this information is lost due to poor organizational skills from industry workers and legacy systems that lose data when updated.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">With blockchain, every piece of information on a property would be available in the same place rather than in multiple physical and digital domains. Blockchain would also help to eliminate the type of fraud that sometimes exist in the industry as deeds and titles can be counterfeited easily.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #45818e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 22.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Buying Property With Cryptocurrencies</span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">As previously mentioned, Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that relies on blockchain to complete financial transactions online in a matter of seconds. Some investors and real estate firms have started adding Bitcoin to the industry, including Ivan Pacheco, who bought a two-bedroom condominium in Florida for $275,000 in Bitcoin.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">In the residential space, you can buy a condo on the Lower East Side of Manhattan with Bitcoin. Meanwhile, some apartments in New York City are allowing their tenants to pay for rent using Bitcoin. Cryptocurrencies have been historically volatile and they’ve been on the decline since peaking in December 2017, but some investors believe that the future of real estate will be closely tied with Bitcoin and other digital coins.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Nevertheless, blockchain’s role in the CRE industry is becoming more prevalent each day. The technology’s potential to speed up transactions with smart contracts, its ability to add transparency to a deed or title and the fact that it dramatically decreases the chance for fraud suggest that more investors will flocks towards firms that use blockchain for CRE transactions.</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-b4b8b0e1-7fff-1440-9b89-10aede039295"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6363636363636362; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 9pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">This </span><a href="https://realatom.com/top-blockchain-applications-making-waves-in-commercial-real-estate/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">article</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> first appeared on </span><a href="https://realatom.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">RealAtom</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">.</span></div>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-15022401540717014262018-07-17T14:50:00.001+07:002018-10-27T11:59:01.258+07:00Shisha paling mahal dibanderol seharga Rp 568 juta<div style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 30px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%;">
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<img height="320" src="https://cdns.klimg.com/merdeka.com/i/w/news/2012/08/12/78166/670x335/shisha-paling-mahal-dibandrol-seharga-rp-568-juta.jpg" width="640" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "noto sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /><br />Banyak orang mulai tertarik pada shisha karena keunikan aromanya. Kita bisa memesan beragam aroma buah atau bahkan bunga. Baru-baru ini, Desval, ahli pembuat shisha, menciptakan shisha paling mahal di dunia. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "noto sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Shisha tersebut dijual dalam edisi terbatas dan dibandrol seharga USD 60.000 atau Rp 568 juta. Nice price! </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "noto sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Shisha super mahal ini disebut Crystal Gold Edition Shisha, yang memiliki lapisan emas 24 karat. Tidak hanya itu. Pipa shisha dibuat dari hasil kerajinan tangan kulit. Menariknya, pembuatan shisha ini memadukan teknik modern dan tradisi kuno lho. Jadi, tak salah kalau <br />harga shisha ini jadi selangit.</span><strong style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><img alt="Gambar terkait" src="http://www.ifitshipitshere.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/desvall-hero-IIHIH-1.jpg" height="640" width="640" /><br /><br /><a href="https://www.merdeka.com/gaya/shisha-paling-mahal-dibandrol-seharga-rp-568-juta.html" target="_blank">sumber</a></strong>sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-67480464802095711412018-07-17T14:44:00.000+07:002018-07-17T14:44:01.859+07:00Shisha dan Rokok Elektronik: Biang Bencana Demografi<div style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #525252; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 25px;">
<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk penikmat shisha" height="372" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQafTN5Ui4kD6vPAX3UCuLR3ra_fCoft2j3pRavCoihsZbqwOl30Q" width="640" /><br />"Beri aku 1.000 orang tua, niscaya akan kucabut semeru dari akarnya. Beri aku 10 pemuda niscaya akan kuguncangkan dunia" --Soekarno</em></div>
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Masihkah pemuda Indonesia memiliki idealisme dan semangat juang yang sedemikian rupa, hingga bisa mengguncangkan dunia sebagaimana dijanjikan oleh Soekarno?</div>
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Nyatanya, saat ini anak-anak Indonesia tengah menghadapi tantangan besar sebelum mencapai kejayaan tersebut. Kita sering mendengar tentang rokok, yang jumlah penggunanya semakin lama semakin meningkat hingga mencapai 65,8% (laki-laki) dan 4,2% (perempuan). Hampir 80% mulai merokok sejak masih muda, bahkan ketika usianya belum mencapai 19 tahun.</div>
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Akan tetapi, mimpi buruk bangsa ini tidak berhenti sampai disitu. Shisha atau rokok khas Timur Tengah juga sedang menjadi tren yang menjamur di kalangan remaja. Wajar saja, shisha dikemas dengan begitu menarik dan memiliki berbagai macam rasa, mulai dari buah-buahan, cokelat, vanilla, dan masih banyak lagi. Sayangnya, rasa yang manis dan penampilan yang menarik hanya menjadi selubung dari zat-zat berbahaya yang dikandung oleh shisha. Sejumlah studi membuktikan bahwa shisha dapat menimbulkan keracunan karbon monoksida, penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah, kanker paru, penyakit menular (TBC, infeksi aspergilus), dan penyakit-penyakit lainnya.</div>
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Ada pula rokok elektronik yang kehadirannya memancing rasa penasaran. Dianggap lebih aman dan lebih gaya dibandingkan rokok konvensional, sebagian orang juga beralih ke rokok elektronik dengan harapan dapat berhenti merokok secara perlahan. Faktanya, WHO sudah tidak lagi merekomendasikan penggunaannya sebagai alat bantu berhenti merokok sejak tahun 2010 lantaran beberapa studi menemukan adanya zat racun dan karsinogenik pada rokok elektronik.</div>
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Shisha dan rokok elektronik juga memiliki kadar nikotin positif, yang berarti keduanya masih dapat menimbulkan adiksi atau kecanduan. Tidak heran apabila semakin banyak remaja yang terjebak dalam 'lingkaran setan' adiksi. Berawal dari coba-coba atau ingin terlihat keren, ketagihan, lalu kesulitan untuk berhenti atau mengalami sakau ketika mencoba berhenti. Biaya yang dikeluarkan tidak sedikit, apalagi dengan harga shisha dan rokok elektronik yang cukup tinggi (berkisar kurang dari Rp100.000 hingga lebih dari Rp1.000.000). Aspek yang dikorbankan juga banyak, mulai dari kondisi psikologis anak, kondisi fisik, hingga pendidikan dan masa depan anak tersebut.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 30px;">Bencana demografi</span></div>
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Tahukah para remaja tersebut akan risiko yang mereka hadapi ketika mereka mencoba shisha dan/atau rokok elektronik?</div>
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Saya rasa tidak.</div>
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Lantas, salah siapa?</div>
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Apabila rokok konvensional, rokok elektrik, dan shisha semakin merajalela, maka fenomena yang disebut-sebut sebagai bonus demografi pada tahun 2020-2030 nanti bisa saja berubah menjadi ‘bencana demografi’. Jika terjadi demikian, maka kesalahannya ada pada diri kita semua, yang gagal memaksimalkan potensi penduduk umur produktif yang akan merajai piramida penduduk pada tahun tersebut.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 30px;">Pemegang peran terpenting: pemerintah</span></div>
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Para wakil rakyat yang terhormat tentu menyadari bahwa mereka memiliki andil besar dalam perjuangan melawan zat-zat adiktif yang sekiranya bisa menghancurkan generasi muda. Akan tetapi, perjuangan melawan zat adiktif tidak akan berhasil apabila kita hanya fokus pada pembatasan iklan rokok, aturan kawasan tanpa rokok, serta aturan gambar menyeramkan pada rokok. Selama ini, usaha yang ada hanya berkisar pada pencegahan atau aspek preventif dari aktivitas merokok. Kita melupakan aspek lain, yakni aspek kuratif: Bagaimana caranya untuk membantu orang-orang yang sudah terlanjur terjebak dalam adiksi tersebut? Apakah kita sudah menyediakan fasilitas yang cukup bagi mereka untuk berhenti?</div>
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Kita ambil contoh dari kasus rokok. Studi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 40% perokok yang mencoba untuk berhenti setiap tahunnya, namun hanya 4-6% yang berhasil. Salah satu mispersepsi yang sering muncul pada dokter, perokok, dan nonperokok adalah "semua perokok bisa berhenti merokok apabila mereka memiliki motivasi yang cukup". Nyatanya, memang benar bahwa ada perokok yang dapat menyembuhkan dirinya sendiri, tetapi banyak pula yang tidak bisa berhenti tanpa tata laksana tertentu. Sama halnya seperti para pengguna alcohol dan orang-orang yang mengalami depresi.</div>
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Terkait rokok, negara Amerika Serikat telah menetapkan <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Comprehensive Tobacco Control Program</em>yang meliputi penggunaan obat-obatan (bupropion, varenicline), terapi pengganti nikotin, serta menggalakkan konseling dokter untuk berhenti merokok, baik secara tatap muka maupun lewat layanan telepon. Hasilnya, jumlah perokok semakin menurun dari 38.3% (2006) menjadi 28.3% (2008). </div>
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Sebanyak 183 negara yang telah meratifikasi FCTC (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</em>) juga telah melaksanakan sejumlah usaha untuk menangani hal ini, antara lain melalui penguatan promosi kesadaran tentang isu pengendalian tembakau menggunakan semua alat komunikasi yang tersedia, serta pengembangan pedoman upaya penghentian pemakaian tembakau. Mirisnya, Indonesia menjadi satu-satunya negara di Asia yang tidak meratifikasi FCTC dan alhasil kita hanya menyediakan fasilitas yang terbatas untuk membantu masyarakat berhenti merokok.</div>
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Bagaimana dengan shisha dan elektronik? Kasusnya kurang lebih sama. Ironisnya, aspek preventif dari keduanya bahkan masih lemah. Penyebaran informasi terkait keduanya masih jauh lebih sedikit dan jarang dibandingkan dengan promosi anti-rokok, padahal keduanya memiliki dampak buruk yang tidak jauh berbeda. Regulasinya juga belum jelas, bahkan saat ini rokok elektronik masih digolongkan menjadi produk elektronik dan shisha belum masuk kategori manapun. </div>
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Maka, tidak heran apabila masyarakat mengonsumsi shisha dengan alasan ketidaktahuan bahwa shisha berbahaya. Wajar saja, mereka mengonsumsi rokok elektronik dengan alasan ingin berhenti merokok secara perlahan. Disinilah pentingnya peran pemerintah dalam penyebarluasan informasi terkait bahaya shisha dan rokok elektrik, penegakan regulasi terkait pembatasan produk-produk tersebut, serta pengembangan pedoman dan fasilitas bagi para pengguna rokok, shisha, maupun rokok elektrik. Hal ini harus dilaksanakan sedini mungkin sebelum meluasnya penjualan zat adiktif tersebut ke lapisan masyarakat lainnya.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 30px;">Peran kita?<br /></span></div>
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Tidak hanya pemerintah, kita sebagai generasi muda, orang tua, dan guru-guru di sekolah juga harus bergerak. Orang tua, sesibuk apapun, memegang peranan besar dalam tumbuh kembang anak, serta dalam pengawasan terhadap perilaku dan pergaulan anak. Guru-guru, dalam hal ini bertanggungjawab untuk memberikan edukasi dan meluruskan mitos-mitos yang ada terkait shisha dan rokok elektrik agar tidak ada lagi remaja yang memiliki persepsi bahwa produk tersebut tidak berbahaya. Terlebih dengan kondisi remaja yang masih bergejolak dan memiliki rasa ingin tahu yang tinggi. </div>
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Dan kita, sebagai sesame generasi muda, teman sebaya, juga memiliki peranan yang tak kalah besar. Sebuah riset menunjukkan bahwa media yang paling potensial dalam mengembangkan persepsi negatif terkait shisha adalah melalui teman. Maka dari itu, tidak ada alasan bagi kita---apapun peran kita---untuk bersikap apatis terhadap musuh-musuh utama yang menjadi biang dari timbulnya bencana demografi di masa yang akan datang.</div>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Daripada terus mengutuk kegelapan, mengapa kita tidak mulai menyalakan lilin?</em></div>
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Mari bergerak, jangan biarkan bencana demografi melanda tanah air tercinta!</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 30px;">Pustaka</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 30px;"></span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Direktorat Pengawasan Narkotika, Psikotropika, dan Zat Adiktif. Bahaya Rokok Elektronik: Racun Berbalut Teknologi. INfoPOM 2015;16(5):3-5.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: WHO; 2003.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Hanya Indonesia, Negara di Asia yang Belum Meratifikasi FCTC. [cited at 3 Sept 2017]. Accessed from <a href="https://www.depkes.go.id/article/view/2370/hanya-indonesia-negara-di-asia-yang-belum-meratifikasi-fctc.html" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none; transition: 0.2s ease-out;" target="_blank">https://www.depkes.go.id/article/view/2370/hanya-indonesia-negara-di-asia-yang-belum-meratifikasi-fctc.html</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional. Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia: 2010-2035. Jakarta: Kementerian PPN/Bappenas; 2013.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Land T, Warner D, Paskowsky M, Cammaerts A, Wetherell L, Kaufmann R, Zhang L, Malarcher A, Pechacek T, Keithly L. Medicaid coverage for tobacco dependence treatments in Massachusetts and associated decreases in smoking prevalence. PLoS ONE 2010;5(3):e9770.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">. Amin TT, Amr MA, Zaza BO, Suleman W. Harm perception, attitudes and predictors of waterpipe (shisha) smoking among secondary school adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pasific Journal of Cancer Preventive. 2010; 11: 293-301<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://www.kompasiana.com/ailisoy/59ac137f9ada0c51f46b5f12/shisha-dan-rokok-elektronik-biang-bencana-demografi?page=2" target="_blank">sumber</a></li>
</ul>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-8577726507318151612018-07-17T14:31:00.001+07:002018-07-17T14:31:20.918+07:00Bahaya Menghisap Shisha Sama Seperti 100 Rokok<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 31px;">
<br /><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk penikmat shisha" height="341" 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" width="640" /><br />REPUBLIKA.CO.ID, JAKARTA -- Sebagian orang mungkin menganggap shisha sebagai alternatif merokok yang lebih sehat. Padahal, shisha menyimpan potensi bahaya yang lebih tinggi dari rokok biasa.</div>
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"Shisha sama dengan hisap 100 rokok," ungkap dr Darmawan B Setyanto SpA(K) dalam peringatan <em>World No Tobacco Day</em> di Gedung Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia, Jakarta, baru-baru ini.</div>
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Baca juga, <a href="http://www.republika.co.id/berita/gaya-hidup/info-sehat/18/05/26/p9adia383-dokter-jantung-berhentilah-merokok-sebelum-usia-40-tahun" rel="noopener" style="color: #00acee;" target="_blank"><em><strong>Dokter Jantung: Berhentilah Merokok Sebelum Usia 40 Tahun</strong></em></a></div>
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Darmawan mengatakan Shisha memiliki daya tarik berupa rasa yang beragam. Keragaman rasa pada shisha ini kerap membuat bahaya shisha tersamarkan dan tidak begitu mendapat perhatian.</div>
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"Tidak ada asap rokok yang tidak berbahaya, tidak ada kadar aman merokok," terang Darmawan.</div>
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Darmawan mengatakan paparan asap rokok tak hanya membahayakan perokok aktif, tetapi juga perokok <em>second hand</em> dan <em>third hand</em>. Perokok <em>second hand</em> atau perokok pasif merupakan orang yang menghisap paparan asap rokok dari perokok aktif.</div>
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Sedangkan perokok <em>third hand</em> merupakan orang yang mendapat pajanan zat-zat berbahaya asap rokok yang menempel pada ruangan atau objek tertentu.</div>
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Pada anak, paparan asap rokok juga tak hanya membahayakan bagi anak-anak hingga remaja 18 tahun. Paparan rokok juga dapat membahayakan anak yang masih berada dalam kandungan atau janin.</div>
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Beberapa dampak rokok bagi janin adalah kematian janin, lahir dalam keadaan mati, kelahiran prematur, lahir dengan berat badan rendah hingga masalah penyakit jantung bawaan. "Remaja merupakan kelompok yang sangat rawan rokok, baik karena <em>second hand</em> maupun menjadi sasaran pabrik rokok," cetus Darmawan.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.republika.co.id/berita/gaya-hidup/info-sehat/18/05/26/p9boe7383-bahaya-menghisap-shisha-sama-seperti-100-rokok" target="_blank">sumber</a></div>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-70467262154512998212018-07-17T14:06:00.002+07:002018-07-17T14:06:26.850+07:00Raup Jutaan Rupiah dari Momentum Demam Shisha<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; font-family: Overpass; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.034px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk penikmat shisha" height="479" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="640" /><br />JAKARTA</span> – Anak-anak muda gemar mencari tren unik. Nah, salah satu tren yang kini sedang in di kalangan anak muda yaitu mengisap rokok Arab atau istilah populernya disebut shisha.</div>
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Shisha adalah kegiatan mengisap tembakau Arab dengan perangkat yang terdiri dari pipa yang biasanya terbuat dari hookah atau bong dan tersambung dengan selang panjang. Shisha kini telah menjadi gaya hidup di kota-kota besar seperti Jakarta.</div>
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Lifestyle yang diimpor dari Timur Tengah ini banyak digandrungi oleh generasi muda. Saat ini, shisha tidak lagi menjadi monopoli kafe-kafe kelas elite, tapi bisa juga ditemui di outlet-outlet pinggir jalan, bahkan pedagang-pedagang kaki lima.</div>
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Disadur dari buku '99 Bisnis Anak Muda' karangan Malahayati dan Hendry E Ramdhan terbitan 2015, lihat perhitungannya.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A. Peluang Bisnis</span></div>
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Berbeda dengan bisnis lifestyle lain yang mengharuskan orang mengeluarkan biaya besar untuk bisa menikmati rokok arab ini. Beberapa pebisnis shisha menawarkan harga hanya Rp25.000 sampai Rp30.000 per tabung. Satu tabung bisa dinikmati empat orang, jadi jika dibagi rata per orang hanya mengeluarkan biaya sekira Rp7.000 sampai Rp8.000 untuk menikmati shisha. Hal ini bergantung apakah Anda ingin membuka bisnis shisha dengan biaya murah atau setting tempat usaha Anda dengan kelas elite.</div>
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Bisnis ini bersifat komplementer, artinya dalam menjalankan bisnis ini Anda tidak hanya menjual shisha tapi Anda bisa juga menjual barang-barang yang lain seperti softdrink dan snack. Anda bisa menjadikan shisha sebagai produk utama yang Anda tawarkan atau sebagai pelengkap di restoran atau kafe Anda.</div>
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Anda bisa mengembangkan bisnis yang memiliki peluang potensial ini. Jika dilihat dari sisi kesehatan, efek shisha jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan rokok tembakau kretek atau filter. Shisha tidak menimbulkan kecanduan. Oleh karena itu, bisa dijadikan terapi bagi para pecandu rokok.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">B. Memulai Bisnis</span></div>
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Bagi Anda yang tertarik menjalankan bisnis ini, di bawah ini akan dijabarkan beberapa hal untuk memulai bisnis ini.</div>
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1. Anda bisa memulai dengan mengunjungi beberapa shisha cafe. Beberapa tempat tersebut bisa Anda kunjungi di sekitar Kemang, Jakarta Selatan. Pelajari bagaimana pengelolaan tempat tersebut dengan cara demikian Anda bisa mempunyai inspirasi bisnis ini.</div>
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2. Cari tahu perlengkapan dan kebutuhan-kebutuhan shisha.</div>
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3. Persiapkan sarana promosi.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">C. Hambatan Bisnis</span></div>
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1. Pesaing yang sudah lama menjalankan bisnis ini.</div>
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2. Pengunjung ramai saat-saat tertentu saja.</div>
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3. Masih ada sikap pro dan kontra terhadap shisha. Ada yang menyebutkan berbahaya dan ada yang menyebutkan tidak berbahaya.<br /></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">D. Strategi Bisnis</span></div>
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1. Lakukan promosi usaha Anda secara gencar. Anda bisa membuat leaflet, pamflet, brosur, media masa, dan internet.</div>
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2. Jaga suasana tempat bisnis Anda, mulai dari kebersihan, penataan, sampai keramahan kepada pengunjung.</div>
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3. Berikan paket-paket tambahan, sebagai informasi tambahan di beberapa shisha cafe itu menampilkan belly dance atau penari arab setiap malam minggu menjelang tengah malam. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk menampilkan karakter Timur Tengah di kafe tersebut. Anda juga bisa menambahkan paket-paket lainnya seperti live music, sulap, sirkus ringan, dan sebagainya.</div>
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4. Berikan pelayanan yang ramah terhadap pengunjung.</div>
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5. Buatlah dekorasi tempat usaha Anda dengan nuansa muda dan kontemporer sesuai dengan karakteristik bisnis Anda, misalnya Anda bisa memberikan hiasan-hiasan nuansa Timur Tengah dan sebagainya.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">E. Analisis Bisnis</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">MODAL AWAL</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Shisha (bong, selang mya, pipet, arang, aneka rasa buah)</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Untuk 5 set: @Rp3.000.000</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp15.000.000</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Kursi, sofa, dan meja 6 set @Rp5.000.000</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp30.000.000</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Jumlah</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp45.000.000</span></div>
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Peralatan mengalami penyusutan selama 4 tahun dan memiliki nilai residu sebesar Rp1.500 dengan menggunakan metode penyusutan garis lurus. Biaya penyusutan per tahun = (Rp45.000.000-Rp1.500) : 4 = Rp11.249.625 per tahun atau sama dengan Rp937.500 per bulan.</div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Perkiraan Laba per bulan:</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Asumsi Rp500.000 dalam sehari x 30 hari</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp15.000.000</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Biaya-biaya:</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Penyusutan peralatan</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp937.500</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Sewa tempat</span></div>
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<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp1.000.000</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.55pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Listrik</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.85pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp1.000.000</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.55pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Stock arang dan rasa shisha</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.85pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp3.000.000</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.55pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Gaji karyawan (5 orang)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.85pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp5.000.000</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.55pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Promosi</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.85pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp500.000</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.55pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Lain-lain</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.85pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp500.000</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.55pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Jumlah</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.85pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">(Rp11.937.500)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.55pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Laba Bersih</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.85pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.002em; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;">
<span new="" roman="" serif="" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" times="">Rp3.062.500</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; font-family: Overpass; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.034px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px;">
Perkiraan kembali modal = Rp45.000.000 : Rp3.062.500 = 14,7 bulan.<br /><br /><a href="https://economy.okezone.com/read/2017/05/12/320/1689824/inspirasi-bisnis-raup-jutaan-rupiah-dari-momentum-demam-shisha?page=2" target="_blank">sumber</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; font-family: Overpass; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.034px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-13251973591052517512018-07-17T13:43:00.002+07:002018-07-17T13:48:48.039+07:0070 Jenis, Kandungan, Manfaat dan Khasiat Rokok untuk Semua Bidang Serta Efek Samping<br />
<br />
<section class="post-3706 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-gaya-hidup tag-cigarret tag-kretek tag-merokok tag-rokok tag-shisha tag-sigaret tag-vape tag-vapor" id="mvp-content-main" itemprop="articleBody" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; float: left; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 25.76px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 779.25px;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 29.44px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Manfaat Rokok – Rokok, Cigar, Sigaret, atau <em style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cigarret</em> adalah benda berbentuk silinder panjang dan kecil yang berisi tembakau, cengkeh, serta bahan alami maupun lainnya yang digunakan dengan cara dibakar agar keluar asapnya, kemudian dihisap melalui mulut. Merokok sifatnya adiktif atau dapat menyebabkan kecanduan karena adanya bahan nikotin yang memang memberikan efek candu sekaligus tenang bagi penggunanya. Manfaat rokok untuk semua bidang kehidupan perlu diteliti agar simpang-siur dan pro kontranya menjadi jelas tertangani.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 29.44px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://www.manfaat.id/gaya-hidup/rokok/attachment/rokok-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-3923" style="border: 0px; color: #1ecc0e; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Rokok, Manfaat Rokok, Khasiat Rokok, Kandungan Rokok" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3923" height="500" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" src="https://www.manfaat.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Rokok.jpg" srcset="https://www.manfaat.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Rokok.jpg 800w, https://www.manfaat.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Rokok-300x188.jpg 300w, https://www.manfaat.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Rokok-768x480.jpg 768w" style="backface-visibility: hidden; border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 18.4px; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="800" /></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 29.44px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Sejarah rokok sudah dikenal sejak zaman dulu. Tidak dapat diketahui dengan pasti perihal budaya merokok tertua di dunia, namun literatur mengatakan bahwa suku Indian di benua Amerika pada abad ke-16 sudah merokok untuk keperluan upacara adat mereka. Pada abad ke-17 banyak penjajah dari Eropa yang membawa tembakau masuk ke Amerika Latin untuk tujuan gaya hidup dan senang-senang belaka.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 29.44px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a>Di Indonesia, keberadaan rokok kretek sangat lekat dengan kultur masyarakat pedesaan dan wong cilik. Justru 80% perokok aktif di Indonesia adalah merupakan kalangan masyarakat dengan ekonomi menengah ke bawah. 99% dari mereka berjenis kelamin laki-laki dan berusia di atas 20 tahun.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 29.44px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Di era modern, rokok kretek mulai pelan-pelan terpinggirkan di budaya masyarakat urban perkotaan dan mulai tergantikan oleh jenis rokok elektrik yang dikenal dengan nama Vape maupun tembakau dengan rasa dan aroma buah-buahan yang dihisap dengan tabung khusus yang disebut Hubbly Bubbly atau Shisha<br /><br /><br />
<br />
<h3 style="backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "Work Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 30.72px; margin: 10px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 779.25px;">
<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Kandungan_Rokok" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kandungan Rokok :</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18.4px; line-height: 29.44px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Di bawah ini adalah banyak kandungan rokok yang mesti diperhatikan dan diwaspadai karena beberapa zat-zat aktif di bawah ini sifatnya merusak tubuh, apalagi kalau dikonsumsi dalam jangka panjang.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18.4px; line-height: 29.44px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
• Nikotin<br />
• Tar<br />
• Benzana<br />
• Asetilana<br />
• Sianida<br />
• Hidrogen Sianida<br />
• Karbonmonoksida<br />
• Cadmium<br />
• Metil Alkohol<br />
• Amonia<br />
• Formaldehida<br />
• Arsenik</div>
<h3 style="backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "Work Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 30.72px; margin: 10px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 779.25px;">
<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Jenis_Rokok" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jenis Rokok :</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18.4px; line-height: 29.44px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Ada banyak sekali jenis-jenis rokok yang terbagi ke dalam beberapa kategori, seperti berdasarkan bahan pembungkusnya, isinya, proses pembuatannya hingga penggunaan filternya. Masing-masing jenisnya memiliki pangsa pasar dan penggemar tersendiri. Kalau di Indonesia yang populer adalah jenis Sigaret Kretek Mesin.</div>
<h4 style="backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "Work Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: 26.88px; margin: 10px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 779.25px;">
<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Rokok_berdasarkan_bahan_pembungkus" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rokok berdasarkan bahan pembungkus</span></h4>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18.4px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Papir/Sigaret/Kertas:</strong> pembungkusnya kertas.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Klobot:</strong> pembungkusnya daun jagung.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cerutu:</strong> pembungkusnya daun tembakau.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kawung:</strong> pembungkusnya daun aren.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nipah:</strong> pembungkusnya daun nipah.</li>
</ol>
<h4 style="backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "Work Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: 26.88px; margin: 10px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 779.25px;">
<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Rokok_berdasarkan_bahan_baku_atau_isi" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rokok berdasarkan bahan baku atau isi</span></h4>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18.4px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kretek:</strong> isinya terbuat dari tembakau, cengkeh dan bahan aktif lainnya.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Liquid:</strong> isinya adalah cairan khusus yang mengandung aroma.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Putih:</strong> isinya daun tembakau yang diberi saos aroma tertentu.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Klembak:</strong> isinya berupa daun klembak.</li>
</ol>
<h4 style="backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "Work Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: 26.88px; margin: 10px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 779.25px;">
<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Rokok_berdasarkan_proses_pembuatannya" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rokok berdasarkan proses pembuatannya</span></h4>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18.4px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sigaret Kretek Manual/Sigaret Kretek Tangan/Lintingan:</strong> dibuat secara manual dengan tangan, dengan cara dilinting.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sigaret Kretek Mesin/Pabrikan:</strong> dibuat dengan mesin sederhana maupun mesin berteknologi tinggi.</li>
</ol>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Rokok_berdasarkan_penggunaan_filter" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rokok berdasarkan penggunaan filter</span></h4>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18.4px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Filter:</strong> memiliki penyaring berupa gabus di salah satu ujungnya.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 50px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Non Filter:</strong> tidak memiliki penyaring.</li>
</ol>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Manfaat_Rokok_untuk_Kesehatan" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat Rokok untuk Kesehatan :</span></h3>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="1_Menghilangkan_Kantuk_Berlebih" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Menghilangkan Kantuk Berlebih</span></h4>
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Khasiat merokok untuk hilangkan rasa kantuk yang berlebih. Ini baik untuk para pekerja lemburan yang selalu dilanda Hipersomnia, yakni gangguan berlebihan tidur. Rasa kantuk yang seringkali menyiksa saat sedang bekerja sudah saatnya buat diberantas dengan cara merokok. Disertai dengan seteguk demi seteguk kopi hangat bisa membuat kuat bergadang sampai pagi.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="2_Meningkatkan_Stamina" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Meningkatkan Stamina</span></h4>
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Manfaat rokok bagus pula untuk meningkatkan stamina. Orang yang sedang merasa gampang lelah karena padatnya aktivitas, sudah selayaknya segera mencari solusinya. Stamina yang terjaga dan selalu siaga tiap saat sangat mempengaruhi kinerja. Jadi bisa mencoba dengan menyulut sigaret ini.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="3_Membuat_Mood_Jadi_Baik" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Membuat Mood Jadi Baik</span></h4>
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Banyak pria yang bilang bahwa alasannya merokok adalah karena bisa membuat mood mereka selalu baik. Peningkatan mood dari yang tadinya buruk dan lesu, malas ngapa-ngapain, memang bisa berubah dratis. Mendadak seseorang jadi punya mood yang baik, gairahnya dalam aktivitas seakan tiada pernah habis. Untuk itu, banyak pria yang enggan melepas kebiasaannya dari rokok.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="4_Membuat_Pikiran_Tenang" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Membuat Pikiran Tenang</span></h4>
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Ternyata manfaat rokok pun bisa membuat pikiran jadi tenang. Cocok untuk mereka yang tiap harinya mengalami tekanan pikiran yang hebat karena beban kerja. Merokok 1-2 batang sehari sudah cukup untuk membuat pikiran jadi tenang. Selain itu jumlah 1-2 batang sehari juga relatif aman untuk kesehatan organ paru-paru dan jantung.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="5_Mengatasi_Gangguan_Mental" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Mengatasi Gangguan Mental</span></h4>
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Orang yang pernah merokok memiliki kemungkinan kecil buat mengalami gangguan mental. Kerusakan mental atau psikis yang disebabkan karena tekanan hidup bisa dihalau. Sebab ketika merokok, seseorang terkadang seperti sedang membuang beban mental dan psikisnya melalui asap rokoknya. Dalam tiap hembusan napas rokoknya, semua masalah akan hilang.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Manfaat_Rokok_untuk_Kesehatan_Lainnya" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat Rokok untuk Kesehatan Lainnya:</span></h3>
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6. Membuat awet muda<br />
7. Mencegah kematian di usia muda<br />
8. Mencegah gangguan psikis<br />
9. Membuka aura jiwa<br />
10. Menambah nafsu makan</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Manfaat_Rokok_di_Bidang_Sosial" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat Rokok di Bidang Sosial :</span></h3>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="1_Membuka_Jaring-Jaring_Komunitas" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Membuka Jaring-Jaring Komunitas</span></h4>
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Manfaat merokok bagus untuk membuka jaring-jaring komunitas. Misalnya seperti komunitas rokok elektrik, di mana Vape atau Vapor sebagai produk rokok elektrik telah menjadi gaya hidup sendiri bagi masyarakat urban. Banyak muncul komunitas hobi yang mengatasnamakan Vape sebagai seni karena asapnya bisa dibentuk-bentuk dengan teknik tertentu. Selain itu berbagai liquid yang beraneka rasa juga menambah sensasi akan citra seni ini.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="2_Mempererat_Persahabatan" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Mempererat Persahabatan</span></h4>
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Merokok dapat memperat persahabatan, terutama di kalangan para lelaki. Ketika sekelompok pria berkumpul untuk saling berbagi cerita, maka obrolan mereka cenderung lebih akrab dan hangat saat ada rokoknya. Ini sudah bukan rahasia lagi, para lelaki memang senang berkumpul di tempat yang ada rokoknya, apalagi kalau gratisan.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="3_Menguatkan_Citra_Identitas_Laki-Laki" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Menguatkan Citra Identitas Laki-Laki</span></h4>
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Dengan merokok, secara langsung seorang pria akan mengukuhkan identitas dan jatidirinya sebagai pria. Sedangkan para pria yang tidak merokok biasanya dianggap “banci” atau “kacangan”, artinya ia adalah lelaki yang payah, pelit dan miskin, hingga tak sanggup membeli rokok. Citra identitas ini pun pada akhirnya menjadi kebutuhan bagi pria, bahwa mereka akan selalu butuh merokok agar dipandang jantan dan mapan.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="4_Meningkatkan_Gengsi_Sosial" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Meningkatkan Gengsi Sosial</span></h4>
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Kemapanan tersebut adalah gengsi sosial. Banyak lelaki yang merasa harus merokok demi gengsinya di mata publik, terutama lingkungan pergaulannya. Agar tidak diolok-olok dan dianggap lembek. Tidak peduli apakah diri bisa merokok ataupun bisa membelinya atau tidak, yang penting kalau sedang berkumpul bareng teman harus selalu bawa rokok untuk menjaga gengsinya.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="5_Menunjukkan_Status_Sosial" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Menunjukkan Status Sosial</span></h4>
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Pada akhirnya, merokok memang menunjukkan status sosial seseorang. Yang mampu membeli rokok adalah mereka yang punya strata tinggi di tengah masyarakat, terutama lingkungan pergaulannya. Orang akan dipandang kolot bilamana tidak merokok. Untuk itu banyak orang rela menghabiskan banyak uangnya hanya untuk membakar seonggok kertas berisi bahan kimia itu.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Manfaat_Rokok_di_Bidang_Sosial_Lainnya" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat Rokok di Bidang Sosial Lainnya :</span></h3>
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6. Simbol kompleksitas sosial<br />
7. Menunjukkan kedudukan seseorang<br />
8. Membuat orang terkesan ramah dalam bergaul<br />
9. Memperluas pergaulan<br />
10. Mencegah seseorang jadi kolot dan anti sosial</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.manfaat.id/gaya-hidup/minum-kopi/" style="border: 0px; color: #1ecc0e; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat dan Khasiat Minum Kopi untuk Kesehatan, Kecantikan Serta Efek Samping</a></strong></div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Manfaat_Rokok_di_Bidang_Ekonomi" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat Rokok di Bidang Ekonomi :</span></h3>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="1_Membuka_Lapangan_Pekerjaan" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Membuka Lapangan Pekerjaan</span></h4>
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Khasiat rokok untuk bidang ekonomi bisa membuka lapangan pekerjaan. Pasalnya dalam rantai produksinya banyak pihak-pihak yang terlibat, mulai dari petani tembakau hingga pabrik rokoknya beserta dengan jutaan buruh pabriknya. Tentu saja kehadiran komoditi ini begitu penting dalam membuka lapangan kerja. Makanya ketika ada isu dilarangnya merokok, banyak pihak merasa khawatir akan terputusnya mata rantai pencaharian ini.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="2_Menambah_Pendapatan_Negara" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Menambah Pendapatan Negara</span></h4>
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Tidak dapat dipungkiri, rokok adalah sumber pendapatan negara melalui cukai rokok yang memang mahal. Untuk itu, tidak hanya rakyat saja yang diuntungkan dengan benda ini, tetapi negara sebagai sebuah institusi yang membutuhkan pendanaan pun menjadikan sigaret ini sebagai salah satu tombak pemasukan. Negara amat ketat soal cukai rokoknya, sampai-sampai rokok murah tanpa cukai yang biasanya ada di desa-desa, mendadak hilang karena pengawasan dan penyitaan dari pemerintah.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="3_Menguntungkan_Pedagang_Besar_Maupun_Kecil" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Menguntungkan Pedagang Besar Maupun Kecil</span></h4>
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Banyak pedagang besar maupun kecil merasa diuntungkan dengan adanya rokok. Mereka mengaku berjualan rokoknya justru merupakan sumber penghasilan yang utama dibandingkan barang dagangan yang lainnya. Memang keuntungan menjualnya cukup banyak hingga membuat pedagang besar skala ritel maupun pedagang asongan kaki lima, selalu menjajakannya dalam beragam merek. Tak jarang pula pedagang kecil yang khusus menjajakan rokok, tanpa barang dagangan lainnya.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="4_Menunjukkan_Status_Ekonomi" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Menunjukkan Status Ekonomi</span></h4>
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Sebagaimana menunjukkan status sosial, manfaat merokok pun menunjukkan status ekonomi. Orang yang merokok identik dengan status ekonomi yang mapan dan jauh lebih baik daripada yang tidak merokok. Pasalnya harga rokok itu mahal, semurah-murahnya sebungkus mencapai Rp10.000. Kalau yang mahal tentu bisa jutaan. Uang untuk membeli rokoknya terkadang bisa jauh lebih besar daripada uang untuk makannya sehari-hari.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="5_Menjadi_Komoditas_Ekspor-Impor" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Menjadi Komoditas Ekspor-Impor</span></h4>
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Tidak hanya ada di Indonesia, di luar negeri pun ada rokok. Berbagi negara saling mengimpor dan mengekspor produk rokoknya. Ini tentu saja bisa memutar roda ekonomi internasional. Bisa menjadi salah satu komoditas unggulan yang tidak lekang oleh zaman, meskipun banyak negara sudah meratifikasi perjanjian internasional mengenai larangan tembakau dan rokok. Namun tetap saja produk sigaret ini menjadi komoditi ekspor impor unggulan.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Manfaat_Rokok_di_Bidang_Ekonomi_Lainnya" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat Rokok di Bidang Ekonomi Lainnya :</span></h3>
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6. Menunjukkan strata ekonomi<br />
7. Membuat seseorang dipandang kaya<br />
8. Membuat akrab dengan klien dan partner bisnis<br />
9. Memicu keluarnya ide brillian untuk mengembangkan karir<br />
10. Memperluas pergaulan dengan komunitas hobi yang menguntungkan profesi</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Manfaat_Rokok_di_Bidang_Politik" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat Rokok di Bidang Politik :</span></h3>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="1_Mempengaruhi_Perjanjian_Internasional" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Mempengaruhi Perjanjian Internasional</span></h4>
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Manfaat rokok bisa mempengaruhi perjanjian internasional. Misalnya seperti perjanjian di bidang kesehatan yang digawangi oleh WHO, salah satu badan PBB. Di mana perjanjian dan kebijakan yang telah diratifikasi oleh negara anggota WHO wajib diimplementasikan ke dalam kerangka kebijakan publik nasional.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="2_Menjadi_Isu_Menarik_dalam_Kebijakan_Ekonomi_Politik_Regional_Maupun_Internasional" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Menjadi Isu Menarik dalam Kebijakan Ekonomi Politik Regional Maupun Internasional</span></h4>
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Rokok adalah salah satu isu menarik dalam masalah ekonomi politik regional maupun internasional. Keberadaannya yang sarat akan benturan dengan kampanye kesehatan seringkali membuat banyak pihak merasa geram. Industri rokok adalah industri skala besar, kampanye kesehatan dunia tidak serta-merta membuat pabrik sigaret di belahan dunia jadi tutup.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="3_Mempengaruhi_Politik_Anggaran" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Mempengaruhi Politik Anggaran</span></h4>
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Khasiat rokok tentu saja mempengaruhi politik anggaran. Misalnya dalam urusan perdagangan bebas, di mana kebijakan proteksi yang dilakukan Amerika Serikat berupa pelarangan masuknya kretek asal Indonesia karena dianggap berbahaya untuk kesehatan karena mengandung tembakau. Tindakan Amerika Serikat ini dianggap sebagai wujud strategi proteksi pasar belaka. Meskipun ini adalah pelanggaran jika merunut dengan perjanjian internasional mengenai perdagangan bebas yang diratifikasi anggota WTO.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="4_Mencegah_Konflik_Perburuhan" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Mencegah Konflik Perburuhan</span></h4>
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Manfaatnya bisa meredam konflik perburuhan. Pabrik-pabrik yang memproduksi komoditi ini memiliki banyak sekali karyawan. Para buruh pabrik ini tentu saja akan turun demo pada pemerintah bila sampai suatu hari Indonesia benar-benar melarang beredarnya sigaret, kretek, vape atau produk yang lainnya. Mereka bekerja untuk pabrik demi sesuap nasi, sama sekali tidak tahu menahu soal kampanye kesehatan global.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="5_Menjadi_Komoditas_Signifikan_di_Hulu-Hilir_Rantai_Ekopol" style="border: 0px; font-size: 22.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Menjadi Komoditas Signifikan di Hulu-Hilir Rantai Ekopol</span></h4>
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Khasiat merokok adalah sebuah komoditas signifikan dalam rantai hulu-hilir ekopol. Berbagai aspek ekonomi dan politik saling bertautan dalam bisnis sigaret ini. Merokok memang dikampanyekan bahaya untuk kesehatan, namun dari kacamata politik, melenyapkan rokok justru bisa memicu konflik. Maka satu-satunya jalan terbaik adalah negara harus mengawasi dan membuat kebijakan yang paling bijaksana, misalnya larangan merokok di area pelayanan publik seperti transportasi umum, rumah sakit, bandara, pom bensin, tempat ibadah dan bahkan mall-mall.</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Manfaat_Rokok_di_Bidang_Politik_Lainnya" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat Rokok di Bidang Politik Lainnya :</span></h3>
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6. Objek kebijakan publik<br />
7. Peredam konflik kepentingan<br />
8. Mencegah konflik agraria<br />
9. Menjadi simbol ketahanan nasional di era perdagangan bebas<br />
10. Meningkatkan karisma seorang pemimpin</div>
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<span class="ez-toc-section" id="Efek_Samping_Rokok" style="border: 0px; font-size: 25.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Efek Samping Rokok :</span></h3>
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Walaupun memiliki banyak sekali manfaat di bidang kesehatan, sosial, ekonomi dan politik, namun tentu saja rokok memiliki efek samping yang mesti diperhatikan, seperti:</div>
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1. Kanker<br />
2. Impotensi<br />
3. Gangguan Kehamilan<br />
4. Gangguan Paru-Paru<br />
5. Serangan Jantung<br />
6. Membuat Badan Kurus<br />
7. Membuat Boros Bangkrut<br />
8. Kecanduan<br />
9. Bibir Menghitam<br />
10. Stain Pada Gigi</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.manfaat.id/gaya-hidup/olahraga/" style="border: 0px; color: #1ecc0e; font-size: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">Manfaat dan Khasiat Olahraga untuk Kesehatan, Kecantikan Serta Efek Samping</a></strong></div>
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Sekarang keputusan untuk tetap merokok ataupun meninggalkannya tergantung pada kebijaksanaan masing-masing. Merokok adalah sebuah pilihan gaya hidup, maka tak ada yang dapat menghentikan maupun memaksa menggunakannya selain diri sendiri. Tiap orang berhak dan bebas untuk menentukan sikapnya terhadap komoditas ini.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.manfaat.id/gaya-hidup/rokok/" target="_blank">sumber</a></div>
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</section>sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-76023672011699327332018-07-17T13:24:00.001+07:002018-07-17T13:24:43.685+07:00Pesta Shisha ABG di Ruang Terbuka Tangerang<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #474747; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 5px;">
<br /><img alt=" Pesta Shisha ABG di Ruang Terbuka Tangerang" height="426" src="https://merahputih.com/media/2016/10/13/CqfJ3pczNM1476370195.jpg" width="640" /><br />Banyak masyarakat yang tidak tahu jika sebenarnya asap shisha (hookah) mengandung arsenik nikel yang lebih tinggi dibanding merokok tembakau biasa. Kandungan tar dalam shisha 36 kali lebih tinggi dan karbon monoksida 15 kali lebih tinggi dari rokok biasa.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" />Namun demikian, gaya merokok ala orang Timur Tengah ini di <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">tangerang</strong>, justru malah disukai oleh anak-anak baru gede (ABG) atau usia sekolah. Di Food Court Mardi Gras Citra Raya, Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten, kerap dijadikan lokasi untuk berpesta shisha oleh ABG. Tidak hanya ABG laki-laki, tapi juga ABG perempuan.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" />Munir (35), salah seorang pedagang di kawasan Food Court Mardi Gras mengungkapkan, para penjaja shisha di kawasan tersebut banyak dikonsumsi oleh anak-anak baru gede. Bahkan, tak jarang anak-anak ini datang menikmati shisha masih mengenakan seragam sekolah.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" />“Sudah biasa, karena memang kebanyakan yang beli (shisha-red) itu anak-anak ABG, rombongan biasanya,” ungkap Munir kepada<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://merahputih.com/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fdfdfd; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">merahputih.com</a></em>, Kamis (13/10).<br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" />Ia juga mengungkapkan, di kawasan ini sudah sering kali dilakukan razia oleh petugas gabungan dari Satpol PP dengan Dinas Pendidikan (Disdik) Kabupaten Tangerang. Namun, hanya beberapa hari saja terlihat sepi oleh ABG yang pesta shisha, setelah itu menjamur kembali. “Kalau dirazia ya pernah, tapi hanya sehari dua hari saja, setelah itu rame lagi,” katanya.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 5px 0px;" />Salah seorang ABG wanita yang tidak mau menyebut namanya, mengaku menikmati shisha hanya ingin senang-senang saja bersama teman-temannya. “Seru aja, sama temen-temen. Orang tua enggak tahu, kan kita pamitnya enggak ke sini,” kata dia, yang mengaku masih sekolah di bangku kelas 3 di salah satu SMP swasta di Kabupaten Tangerang. (<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Widi</strong>)<br /><br /><a href="https://merahputih.com/post/read/pesta-shisha-abg-di-ruang-terbuka-tangerang" target="_blank">sumber</a><br /><br />
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">BACA JUGA:</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://merahputih.com/post/read/anggrek-jadi-motif-khas-batik-tangerang-selatan" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #474747; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Anggrek Jadi Motif Khas Batik Tangerang Selatan</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://merahputih.com/post/read/rekreasi-keluarga-di-hutan-kota-jombang-tangerang-selatan" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #474747; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Rekreasi Keluarga di Hutan Kota Jombang Tangerang Selatan</a></li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://merahputih.com/post/read/yuk-intip-latihan-muay-thai-di-taman-kota-tangerang" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #474747; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Yuk, Intip Latihan Muay Thai di Taman Kota Tangerang</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://merahputih.com/post/read/pasar-lama-tangerang-surga-penyuka-asinan-dan-buah-buahan" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ed1c24; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 18px; outline-offset: -2px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Pasar Lama Tangerang, Surga Penyuka Asinan dan Buah-buahan</a></li>
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-1906565992512990332018-07-17T13:10:00.000+07:002018-07-17T13:10:55.040+07:00Shisha Lebih Berbahaya dari Rokok, Ini Penjelasannya<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica, Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img height="320" src="https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.7-TXmXC2ojBJJFOFPZKYrgHaDt&pid=15.1&P=0&w=323&h=162" width="640" /><br /><br />Bisnis.com</strong>, PADANG - Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kota (DKK) Padang, Sumatera Barat, Feri Mulyani, mengatakan, mengonsumsi rokok dari Arab atau disebut shisha sebenarnya lebih berbahaya dari rokok biasa.</div>
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"Malah rokok shisha itu lebih berbahaya dari rokok biasanya karena durasi waktu mengisapnya juga lebih lama," kata dia, saat dihubungi dari Padang, Selasa (18/10/2016).</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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Dijelaskan, mengonsumsi rokok shisha dengan mengisap asap yang dilewatkan air dan diberi aroma buah-buahan, lalu dihisap lebih lama dari rokok biasa, sehingga nikotin yang masuk dalam paru-paru lebih banyak.</div>
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"Shisha memang tidak temasuk narkotika, namun memiliki bahaya tersendiri terhadaap kesehatan seperti paru-paru, jantung dan penyakit lainnya," katanya.</div>
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Apalagi, katanya, jika dikonsumsi anak-anak di bawah umur, baik itu perempuan maupun laki-laki.</div>
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Menurut dia, mengonsumsi shisha, layaknya mengonsumsi rokok biasa dapat berakibat kecanduan daan hal ini sangat dikhawatirkan sebab shisha saat ini dijual secara gamblang di tenagh-tengah masyarakat setempat.</div>
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"Kami tentu akan mengupayakan sosialisasi pada masyarakat, apalaagi rokok shisha tidak dijual dengan mencantumkan larangan penjualan ataau pemberian pada anak di bawah usia 18 tahun seperti rokok biasanya," jelasnya.</div>
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Ditambahkan, untuk menjaga anak-anak di daerah itu agar tidak mengonsumsi rokok shisha, sebenanya dapat diterapkan melalui aturan yang sama yakni Peraturan Daerah Kawasan Tanpa Rokok.</div>
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Sumber : Antara</div>
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Editor: Nancy Junita<br /><br /><a href="http://kalimantan.bisnis.com/read/20161018/106/593600/shisha-lebih-berbahaya-dari-rokok-ini-penjelasannya" target="_blank">sumber</a></div>
</div>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-32272724785387663952018-07-17T13:04:00.002+07:002018-07-17T13:04:22.696+07:00Bareskrim Polri Tangkap Produsen Arang Shisha Palsu<div style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;">
<img alt="Bareskrim Polri Tangkap Produsen Arang Shisha Palsu" height="479" src="http://cdn.metrotvnews.com/dynamic/content/2018/03/10/843139/AhORlVtDrI.jpg?w=650" width="640" /><strong><br /><br />Jakarta: </strong>Direktorat Tindak Pidana Ekonomi dan Khusus (Tipideksus) Bareskrim Polri menangkap pelaku pembuat produk bahan bakar shisha palsu bernama TH di Jepara, Jawa Tengah. TH memalsukan produk arang shisha original bernama Cocobrico.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />Direktur Tipideksus Bareskrim Brigjen Agung Setya mengatakan, aksi pemalsuan produk dilakukan sejak 2012. Akibatnya, pemilik produk dan merk Cocobrico original bernama Yvonne S Lima, menderita kerugian hingga Rp100 Milyar.<a href="http://news.metrotvnews.com/topic/4102" style="color: #1e44ad; float: left; padding: 0px 0px 10px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; width: 571px;">BACA JUGA</a><ul style="float: left; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 571px;">
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"Cocobrico memproduksi arang untuk shisha ini sudah cukup lama <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />memproduksi lebih dari 10 tahun untuk di ekspor ke Rusia dan Eropa. Akibat tindakan yang dilakukan TH, membuat kerugian yang diderita oleh saudari Yvonne sekitar Rp100 M," kata Agung, di Bareskrim Polri, Gambir, Jakarta Pusat, Jumat 9 Maret 2018.<br />Penangkapan terhadap TH bermula dari laporan konsumen asal Jerman dan Rusia yang mengeluh pusing usai mengonsumsi sisha dengan bahan bakar Cocobrico. Mereka lantas melaporkan hal itu kepada pemilik dagang merk asli.<br />Setelah menerima aduan, Yvonne lantas memeriksa produk yang diadukan dua negara tersebut. Ia kemudian menguji produk dagang original miliknya dengan produk dagang yang dikomplain dua negara itu. Alhasil, Yvonne menemukan perbedaan yang signifikan.<br />"Untuk yang original harusnya tidak ada asap dan bau. Kemudian arang original mestinya nyala terus menerus dan ada standarisasi. Sementara yang palsu berasap dan berbau serta tanpa adanya standar yang baik," ujarnya.<br />Selain itu, perbedaan mencolok lainnya terlihat dari bentuk paket kemasan. Kemasan asli dibungkus kotak yang lebih kecil dan berwarna terang. sementara produk palsu dikemas dengan kotak lebih besar dan berwarna gelap.<br />"Lalu saudari Yvonne mengadukan penemuannya kepada kami," ujar Agung.<br />Usai menerima aduan, Agung kemudian menurunkan personilnya untuk menyelidiki dugaan pemalsuan merk dan produk dagang Cocobrico. Setelah melalui proses penyelidikan, pihaknya mendapatkan informasi bahwa ada tindakan pemalsuan yang dilakukan oleh pabrik bernama CV Indomarine Niaga.<br />Pabrik tersebut memproduksi arang palsu dengan kemasan Cocobrico. Pabrik tersebut ditemukan di dua lokasi, yakni Jepara dan Salatiga dan diketahui telah beroperasi sejak tahun 2012.<br />"Dengan TH sebagai Direktur Utama CV Indomarine Niaga. Dia ditangkap ketika memproduksi di pabrik di Jepara," pungkas dia.<br />Atas perbuatannya, TH diganjar dengan koridor Undang-Undang tentang merk dagang nomor 20 tahun 2016 pasal 100 ayat 2 mengenai pemalsuan merk seluruh atau sebagian dengan ancaman 4 tahun atau denda Rp2 Milyar.<br /><br /><a href="http://news.metrotvnews.com/hukum/eN4xyDON-bareskrim-polri-tangkap-produsen-arang-shisha-palsu" target="_blank">sumber</a><br /><br />
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-58509748499972267352018-07-17T11:38:00.001+07:002018-07-17T11:38:27.282+07:00menghirup fulus bisnis rokok arab. <br />
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<img alt="Gambar terkait" height="426" src="https://5uk.uk/wp-content/uploads/Beirut-nights.jpg" width="640" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /><br />Anak-anak muda gemar mencari tren unik dan nyentrik. Nah, salah satu tren yang kini sedang in di kalangan anak muda Jakarta adalah mengisap rokok Arab, atau populer disebut shisha. Tak percaya? Coba sambangi beberapa kafe di Jakarta. Di sana Anda akan menjumpai shisha. Aktivitas merokok khas Timur Tengah ini menjamur karena cara mengisapnya unik. <a name='more'></a><br /><br />Sekadar catatan, shisha adalah kegiatan mengisap tembakau Arab dengan perangkat yang terdiri dari pipa—biasa disebut hookah atau bong—yang tersambung dengan selang panjang. Prinsip kerjanya: tembakau dipanaskan dan menghasilkan uap yang kemudian disaring sebelum dihirup. Selain hookah, bahan baku shisha terbuat dari tembakau. Kini ada sekitar 30 rasa tembakau, mulai dari buah-buahan, cokelat, vanila, dan masih banyak lagi. <br /><br />Tembakau shisha hanya mengandung maksimal 0,05 persen nikotin dan 0 persen tar. Menilik tren ini, tak salah jika pemain bisnis pelengkapan shisha ketiban pulung. Salah satunya adalah Mochamad Taufik. Pria 28 tahun ini mengawali bisnis perlengkapan shisha karena melihat keunikan shisha dan sekaligus hobi. <br /><br />Dengan bermodal Rp 5 juta, ia menjajal peruntungan bisnis ini pada 2005. Ia memakai modal awal itu untuk membeli lima hookah dan perlengkapan lain ke perajin di Dubai, Uni Emirat Arab, lewat perantara sang pacar. Tak disangka, dalam tempo singkat, lima alat itu habis terjual. Taufik makin yakin bisnis ini mampu mendatangkan laba. Rp 50 juta sebulan Ketika terjun ke bisnis peranti shisha, Taufik sadar sudah ada beberapa pemain di bisnis ini.<br /><br /> "Bedanya, mereka hanya jual alat. Kalau saya menjual alat, tembakau, dan aksesorinya. Kelebihan lain, saya berani kasih garansi," katanya. Pemasaran lewat dunia maya memuluskan bisnisnya. "Situs web saya satu-satunya toko online perlengkapan shisha di Indonesia," ujarnya bangga. Ide awal menggarap bisnis shisha berawal dari status Taufik sebagai penikmat. Taufik yang memang berdarah Timur Tengah punya kegemaran mengisap shisha sejak remaja. <br /><br />Sebagai penggemar, ia mengaku tak sekadar menjual produk, tapi juga melakukan edukasi kepada masyarakat soal shisha. "Banyak orang salah kaprah bila melihat bentuk pengisap yang mirip bong alias alat pengisap sabu ini," katanya. Taufik membanderol harga perlengkapan shisha impornya mulai Rp 200.000 sampai Rp 1,5 juta per unit. Harga racikan tembakau mulai Rp 30.000 sampai Rp 85.000 per 250 gram.<br /><br />Lain lagi harga aksesorinya. Misalnya, harga foil Rp 10.000 dan mouthip (alat kecil di ujung plastik isap yang bisa dilepas) dari Rp 30.000 sampai Rp 50.000. Menurut Taufik, harga shisha mahal karena masih impor dari Dubai, Arab Saudi, Iran, Mesir, India, dan China. Pelanggan Taufik adalah perorangan, kafe, juga restoran. "Dalam sebulan, saya bisa menjual sekitar 75-100 hookah, di luar tembakau dan aksesori," katanya. <br /><br />Pernah juga, dalam sehari ia mendapat omzet Rp 15 juta. Kini, dibantu sang istri dan mertuanya, Taufik menggulirkan roda bisnisnya dengan omzet Rp 50 juta per buIan. Dari omzet sebesar itu, sekitar 15-20 persen masuk ke koceknya sebagai laba bersih. Sampai kini ia tak membuka gerai resmi. Ia memilih mendirikan toko online. "Ini juga bagian cara menghemat ongkos produksi," katanya.(Kontan/Dessy Rosalina)<br /><br /><a href="https://bola.kompas.com/read/2009/02/20/09235847/menghirup.fulus.bisnis.rokok.arab" target="_blank">sumber</a></span></h3>
<br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Artikel ini telah tayang di </span><a href="http://kompas.com/" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease; vertical-align: top;">Kompas.com</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> dengan judul "Menghirup Fulus Bisnis Rokok Arab", </span><a href="https://bola.kompas.com/read/2009/02/20/09235847/menghirup.fulus.bisnis.rokok.arab" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease; vertical-align: top;">https://bola.kompas.com/read/2009/02/20/09235847/menghirup.fulus.bisnis.rokok.arab</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. </span>sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-42785502794872239292018-07-16T19:21:00.000+07:002018-07-16T19:21:10.628+07:0012+ DAERAH Penghasil Vanili Terbesar di Indonesia Lengkap<div id="post12734382693297048403" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp48Nkh_h9ckSiiyTT9ruFiiB-WujW51nQuOcLuqoCIj25cJxXdcPK_gAW-W5Zdk3Vkb87p4uQA79R4nkOrldwuJMiqO3JudmMwu7mghgtqIFRD_lfqolcdQKx1OJoCYftBSzkn8fP73Gk/s640/Daerah+Penghasil+Vanili.png" width="640" /><br /><br /><a href="http://faktadaerah.com/" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">FaktaDaerah.Com</a></i></b>- <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indonesia</b> adalah negara yang agraris, hampir semua tumbuhan pertanian hidup di Indonesia. Salahs atunya adalah <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tanaman Vanili</b> yang biasanya diamnfaatkan untuk penikmat rasa atau pengharum rasa dalam makanan. Vanili tumbuh dan berkebang baik di Indonesia bahkan tanaman vanili dari Indonesia ini sudah dikenal oleh dunia. Oleh karena itulah dalam tulisan ini akan mengemukakan mengenai <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Daerah-Daerah Penghasil Vanili</b>.<a name='more'></a></div>
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Baca Juga: <a href="http://www.faktadaerah.com/2017/11/10-daerah-penghasil-tembaga-terbesar-di.html" style="background: none rgb(243, 243, 243); border: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">10 Wilayah Penghasil Tembaga Terbesar di Indonesia Lengkap</a></blockquote>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: blue; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tanaman Vanili</span></h4>
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Vanili adalah tumbuh yang hidup dengan melekat pada pohon-pohon tertentu atau tonggak kayu yang disediakan dalam pertanian. Tanaman vanili memiliki ciri berwarna hijau, dan sebesar jari dengan panjangnya kurang lebih 15 Cm. </div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: blue; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Daerah Penghasil Vanili di Indonesia</span></h4>
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Ada beberapa wilayah menjadi penghasil vanili, diantaranya wilayah-wilayah tersebut adalah sebagai berikut;</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Provinsi Jawa Timur, daerah di Jawa Timur adalah penghasil tanaman vanili, seperti daerah yang ada <a href="http://www.faktadaerah.com/2017/09/batik-di-kabupaten-banyuwangi-dan-5.html" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">Kabupaten Banyuwangi</a>.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Provinsi Lampung. Lampung selain terkenal dengan penghasil lada pada fakatnya daerah ini juga dikenal dengan tanaman vanili. Tanaman Vanili dihasil di Lampung khususnya di Kabupaten Lampung Barat yang Ibukotanya berada di Kota Liwa.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.faktadaerah.com/2017/11/kabupaten-pati-jawa-tengah-dan-fakta.html" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">Kabupaten Pati</a>, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Daerah ini juga dikenal sebagai daerah dengan penghasil tanaman vanili berkualitas di Pulau Jawa.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Daerah Sumedang, Provinsi Jaw Barat</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.faktadaerah.com/2017/11/fakta-sumatra-utara-yang-harus-kamu.html" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">Provinsi Sumatra Utara</a>. Provinsi Sumut juga dikenal sebagai salah satu daerah yang menjadi penghasil tanaman vanili. Tanaman di vanili di Sumatra Utara bahkan ada beribu hektar jumlahnya dan kualitasnya juga dikenal sangat baik.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Provinsi NTT (Nusa Tenggara Timur). Provinsi ini juga menjadi salah satu daerah penghasil tanaman vanili terbaik di Indonesia, khususnya tanaman vanili dapat ditemukan di NTT di wilayah seperti flores.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Daerah Ambawara, Provinsi Jawa Tengah</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Daerah Tumenanggung, Provinsi Jawa Tengah</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kabupaten Wonosobo, Provinsi Jawa Tengah</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.faktadaerah.com/2017/11/fakta-provinsi-yogyakarta-no-13.html" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">Daerah Yogjakarta</a> di Pulau Jawa yang juga dikenal sebagai wilayah yang menghasilkan tanaman vanili.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pulau Sulawesi, daerah penghasil tanaman vanili yang lainnya yang cangkupannya tidak terlalu besar akan tetapi juga tersedia adalah daerah yang ada di Pulau Sulawesi. Dimana meliputi Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Utara, dan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Provinsi Papua di Pulau Papua juga dikenal sebagai daerah penghasil tanaman vanili yang berkualitas. Meskipun untuk vanili di Papua ini masih kalah dibandingan dengan daerah-daerah di Indonesia, khususnya dari Sumatra dan Jawa</li>
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Demikianlah tulisan mengenai <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">Daerah Penghasil Vanili di Indonesia</a></b>. Untuk wilayah yang menjadi penghasil tanaman vanili di Indonesia dari semuanya yang paling besar ada wlayah yang berada di Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Lampung, dan Provinsi Sumatra Utara.</div>
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Semoga tulisan mengenai Daerah Penghasil Vanili Terbesar di Indonesia ini dapat menambah wawasan dan juga pengetahuan bagi pembaca yang pada saat ini sedang mencari informasi mengenai daerah penghasil “<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tanaman Vanili</b>”. Trimakasih.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.faktadaerah.com/2017/11/daerah-penghasil-vanili-terbesar-di.html" target="_blank">sumber</a></div>
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-64312379072269118122018-07-16T19:13:00.000+07:002018-07-16T19:13:00.722+07:00Panduan Lengkap Cara Budidaya Vanili, Penanaman Hingga Perawatan Dengan Mudah<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 15px; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: underline; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><img alt="Cara Budidaya Vanili" height="365" src="http://www.faunadanflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Cara-Budidaya-Vanili.jpg" width="640" /><br /><br />Panduan Lengkap Cara Budidaya Vanili, Penanaman Hingga Perawatan Dengan Mudah</span></em></span> –<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"> Vanili</span><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">(Vanilla planifolia)</em> adalah tanaman penghasil bubuk vanili yang biasa dijadikan sebagai pengharum makanan. Bubuk ini dihasilkan dari buahnya yang berbentuk polong.</div>
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Tanaman vanili berasal dari daerah panili atau Perneli, Meksiko. Tanaman ini pertama kali dikenal oleh orang-orang indian di Meksiko tersebut.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />Tanaman vanili tumbuh melekat pada pohon atau tonggak yang disediakan. Tanaman vanili memiliki batang sebesar jari, berwarna hijau, agak lunak dan berbuku denganpanjang sekitar 15 cm. Daun tanaman vanili merupakan daun tunggal, letaknya berseling, berwarna hijau dengan bentuk daun bulat telur, lanset, atau jorong, pipih berdaging dengan ujung lancip. Bunga vanili tersusun bertandan dengan setiap tandan terdii atas 15-20 bunga.<br /><br /><br />
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<main class="site-main" id="main" role="main" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><article class="post-4952 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-budidaya category-flora category-flora-dan-fauna tag-budidaya-vanili-organik tag-budidaya-vanili-pdf tag-daerah-penghasil-vanili tag-harga-vanili tag-jual-bibit-vanili tag-penyerbukan-vanili tag-tanaman-vanili-penyerbukannya-dibantu-oleh tag-vanili-bubuk tag-vanili-cair tag-vanili-untuk-kue" id="post-4952" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><div class="gmr-box-content gmr-single" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; border-bottom: 2px dashed rgb(236, 240, 241); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 20px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">
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<blockquote style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic; margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 11.5px 23px; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Klasifikasi ilmiah</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Kingdom: <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Plantae</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Divisi: <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Magnoliophyta</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Kelas: <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Liliopsida</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Ordo: <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Orchidales</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Famili: <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Orchidaceae</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Genus: <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Vanilla</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Spesies: <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Vanilla planifolia</span></div>
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Berikut ini adalah cara menanam tanaman vanili atau cara budidaya tanaman vanili.</div>
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Cara Budidaya Tanaman Vanili</h2>
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Syarat Tumbuh</h3>
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Tanaman vanili dapat tumbuh baik pada daerah tropis dengan ketinggian sekitar 400-600 mdp, memiliki curah hujan sekitar 1500-2500 mm/tahun, memiliki suhu udara optimal sekitar 20-30 derajat celcius serta memiliki kelembaban udara sekitar 65%-75%. Tanah yang baik untuk menanam vanili adalah tanah yang gembur, lempung berpasir dan kaya bahan organik dengan pH atau derajat keasaman tanah sekitar 5,5-6,5.</div>
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Persiapan Bibit Tanaman Vanili</h3>
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Bibit vanili dapat diperoleh dengan 2 caea yaitu cara generatif atau menggunakan biji dan cara vegetatif dengan stek. namun petanibanyak yang menggunakan bibit yang berasal dari stek.</div>
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Tanaman vanili yang akan dijadikan bibit adalah tanaman yang sehat, unggul, memiliki produktivitas yang tinggi serta toleran terhadap hama dan penyakit. Selanjutnya potong sulur batangnya sepanjang 30-35 cm untuk dijadikan bibit stek, batang tersebut dapat anda potong denganmenggunakan pisau atau cutter dengan hati-hati agar tidak merusak tanaman indukan.</div>
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Setelah mendapatkan bibit selanjutnya bibit stek tersebut disemai dalam polybag tanam berukuran sekitar 25×40 cm yang telah diisi dengan media tanam berupa campuran tanah dan pupuk kompos dengan perbandingan 2 : 1. Lakukan penyiraman secara rutin pada bibit sebanyak 2 kali sehari yaitu pada pagi dan sore hari hingga bibit berumur sekitar 2-3 bulan.</div>
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Persiapan Lahan Tanam</h3>
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Lahan yang akan digunakan untuk menanam vanili dibersihkan terlebih dahulu dari gulma atau tanaman penggangu lainnya. Selanjutnya gemburkan tanah lahan dengan cara dicangkuli atau dibajak.</div>
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Penanaman Pohon Pelindung atau Tiang Panjat</h3>
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6-8 bulan sebelum penanaman tanaman vanili, lakukan penanaman pohon pelindung sebagai pelindung sekaligus sebagai mesia rambat tanaman vanili. Jika tidak ingin ribet anda dapat menggunakan media panjat berupa kayu sebagai tiang panjatnya.</div>
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Penanaman Tanaman Vanili</h3>
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Buatlah lubang tanam dengan ukuran sekitar 25 x 20 x 12 cm dengan jarak antar lubang sekitar 1 x 2 meter.</div>
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Setelah semuanya siap dan bibit telah berumur sekitar 6-7 bulan selanjutnya lakukan penanaman. Lepaskan polybag pada bibit tanaman vanili lalu letakkan dalam lubang tanam yang telah disiapkan lalu timbun kembali dan padatkan. Waktu penanaman yang baik yaitu pada awal musim penghujan.</div>
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Pemeliharaan Tanaman Vanili</h3>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Penyulaman</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Sebelum tanaman berumur 2 minggu, lakukan penyulaman pada tanaman vanili yang tumbuh tidak optimal atau mati dengan tanaman yang baru agar tanamantumbuh seragam.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Penyiangan</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Lakukan penyiangan pada gulma atau tanaman pengganggu lainnya yang tumbuh disekitar tanaman vanili agar nutrisi yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan vanili tidak berebut dengan gulma tersebut. Sebaiknya penyiangan dilakukan dengan cara manual mengguanakan kored.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Pengaturan Sulur atau Perambatan</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Agar sulur tumbuh ideal maka lakukan pengaturan sulur. Sulur yang sudah tua, kering dan terserang hama penyakit dipotong dengan menggunakan pisau atau cutter yaitu sebelum musim berbunga atau tepatnya 3-4 bulan dilakukan kegiatan pemotongan ujung sulur yang merangsang pembungaan.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Pemupukan</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Lakukan pemupukan pada tanaman vanili sekali dalam setahun dengan menggunkan pupuk kandang ataupun pupuk NPK, Urea, TSP, atau KCL dengan dosis sesuai anjuran.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Penyerbukan Bunga Vanili</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Penyerbukan bunga vanili dilakukan untuk menghasilkan buah vanili. Biasanya bunga vanili keluar psetelah berumur sekitar 1,5-3 tahun. Penyerbukan ini dapat dilakukan menggunakan bantuan alat seperti lidi atau batang kecil atau yang lainnya. Selanjutnya cari rostellum yang menghalangi putik dan kepala sari, jika sudah ketemu lalu ambil rostellum dan satukan putik dan kepala sarinya.</div>
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Pemanenan Vanili</h3>
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Pemanenan buah vanili dapat dilakukan setelah berumur sekitar 7-8 bulan, setelah dilakukan penyerbukan bunga. Pemanenan vanili ini dapat dilakukan secara berkala selama 1-2 bulan. Pemanenan dilakukan dengan cara memetik buah yang telah masak dengan menggunakan tangan lalu dimasukkan dalam wadah dan siap dilakukan sortir, pemeraman selama 1-2 hari, poengeringan dan selanjutnya dapat dikemas dan dijual.</div>
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Demikian artikel pembahasan tentang”<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><a href="http://www.faunadanflora.com/panduan-lengkap-cara-budidaya-vanili" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease;">Panduan Lengkap Cara Budidaya Vanili, Penanaman Hingga Perawatan Dengan Mudah</a></span>“, semoga bermanfaat dan jangan lupa ikuti postingan kami berikutnya. Sampai jumpa</div>
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</aside>sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-45386440896617507132017-03-10T11:18:00.002+07:002017-03-10T11:18:10.491+07:00Sri Mulyani Umumkan Besaran Tarif Cukai Rokok 2017<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
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<a href="https://cdn.sindonews.net/dyn/620/content/2016/09/30/33/1143531/sri-mulyani-umumkan-besaran-tarif-cukai-rokok-2017-BPa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sri Mulyani Umumkan Besaran Tarif Cukai Rokok 2017" border="0" height="425" src="https://cdn.sindonews.net/dyn/620/content/2016/09/30/33/1143531/sri-mulyani-umumkan-besaran-tarif-cukai-rokok-2017-BPa.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://index.sindonews.com/blog/2229/disfiyant-glienmourinsie" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #e30000; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 5px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disfiyant Glienmourinsie</span></a></div>
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<time style="border: 0px; color: #777777; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jum'at, 30 September 2016 − 15:36 WIB<a name='more'></a></time><br /><figure itemprop="image" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" style="border: 0px; color: #252525; display: inline-block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; text-align: center !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 12px; margin: -5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Menkeu Sri Mulyani mengumumkan besarnya tarif cukai rokok 2017. Foto: Disfiyant Glienmourinsie/Sindonews<br /></figcaption></figure><div class="config-font" style="border: 0px; color: #252525; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline; width: 620px;">
A+ A-<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">JAKARTA</strong> - Setelah menjadi perbincangan publik dua bulan terakhir, pemerintah akhirnya umumkan besaran kenaikan tarif cukai hasil tembakau. Menteri Keuangan (Menkeu) <strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sri Mulyani </strong>mengumumkan besarnya tarif cukai rokok 2017 di Kantor Pusat</div>
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Bea Cukai.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><br /><br />Untuk 2017 pemerintah mengeluarkankebijakan cukai yang baru melalui Peraturan Menteri Keuangan No 147/PMK.010/2016. Dalam kebijakan baru ini, kenaikan tarif tertinggi sebesar 13,46% untuk jenis hasil tembakau Sigaret Putih Mesin (SPM) dan terendah sebesar 0% untuk hasil tembakau Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT) golongan IIIB, dengan kenaikan rata-rata tertimbang sebesar 10,54%.<br /><br />Selain kenaikan tarif, juga kenaikan harga jual eceran (HJE) dengan rata-rata sebesar 12,26%. "Hal utama yang menjadi pertimbangan kenaikan adalah pengendalian produksi, tenaga kerja, rokok ilegal, dan penerimaan cukai," kata Sri Mulyani di kantor Ditjen Bea dan Cukai, Jakarta, (30/9/2016).<br /><br />Menurutnya, pemerintah menyadari bahwa rokok merugikan kesehatan masyarakat, sehingga harus dibatasi. Hal ini sejalan dengan prinsip pengenaan cukai yaitu untuk mengendalikan konsumsi dan mengawasi peredaran.<br /><br />"Selain aspek kesehatan, pemerintah juga perlu memperhatikan aspek lain dari rokok, yaitu tenaga kerja, peredaran rokok ilegal, petani tembakau, dan penerimaan negara," ujarnya.<br /><br />Karena itu, lanjut dia, seluruh aspek tersebut perlu dipertimbangkan secara komprehensif dan berimbang dalam pengambilan kebijakan yang berkaitan dengan harga dan cukai rokok. Untuk kepentingan kesehatan, Kemenkeu melalui Bea Cukai dalam 10 tahun terakhir telah mengurangi jumlah pabrik rokok dari 4.669 pabrik menjadi 754 pabrik di 2016.<br /><br />"Tak hanya itu, pertumbuhan produksi hasil tembakau pun telah dikendalikan, sehingga selama 10 tahun terakhir menunjukkan tren negatif yaitu sebesar -0,28%, di mana pada saat bersamaan jumlah penduduk Indonesia tumbuh sebesar 1,4%," kata dia.<br /><br />Hal ini membuktikan bahwa secara riil pemerintah dapat menekan konsumsi rokok secara cukup signifikan. Hal tersebut sejalan dengan studi oleh Djutaharta pada 2005 yang menyatakan bahwa ada korelasi antara kenaikan cukai dengan penurunan konsumsi rokok.<br /><br />Dari aspek ketenagakerjaan, kebijakan cukai juga berdampak pada keberlangsungan lapangan pekerjaan sektor formal sebesar 401.989 orang, di mana tiga perempatnya atau 291.824 orang terlibat produksi sigaret kretek tangan yang merupakan industri padat karya.<br /><br />Jika ditambah sektor informal, maka kebijakan ini berdampak pada kehidupan 2,3 juta petani tembakau, 1,5 juta petani cengkeh, 600 ribu buruh tembakau, dan 1 juta pedagang eceran. Berdasarkan data tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan cukai memberikan pengaruh berarti terhadap kehidupan lebih dari 5,8 juta masyarakat Indonesia.<br /><br />"Data ini juga didukung oleh studi LPEM UI 2013 bahwa kebijakan cukai berpengaruh langsung terhadap lebih dari enam juta orang," pungkasnya.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://ekbis.sindonews.com/read/1143531/33/sri-mulyani-umumkan-besaran-tarif-cukai-rokok-2017-1475222940" style="color: #771100; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">sumber</a></div>
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-53922889458238600252017-03-09T15:47:00.000+07:002017-03-09T15:47:12.782+07:00Pemerintah Harus Hati-hati Terapkan Aturan Kuota Impor Tembakau<div class="title" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<span class="fwb fltl" style="float: left; font-weight: bold;">IMQ, Jakarta</span> — Pemerintah harus berhati-hati dalam menerapkan aturan kuota dan tarif atas impor tembakau karena kebijakan tersebut berpotensi menaikkan angka pengangguran di sentra industri rokok nasional.<br /><br />"Industri rokok tidak setuju dengan aturan soal kuota dan tarif impor yang tercantum di Rancangan Undang-Undang Pertembakauan. Rencana pemerintah menerapkan kuota impor maksimal 20% pasti membuat industri dalam negeri kekurangan pasokan karena produksi tembakau lokal selama ini baru bisa memenuhi sekitar separuh dari kebutuhan industri," kata Ketua Paguyuban Mitra Pelinting Sigaret Indonesia (MPSI), Djoko Wahyudi kepada pers di Jakarta, Rabu (8/3).<a name='more'></a><br /><br />Pemerintah, menurut Djoko, seharusnya menerapkan kuota sesuai dengan perkembangan produksi tembakau lokal. Kuota impor dipangkas secara bertahap sejalan dengan peningkatan kemampuan perkebunan lokal memasok kebutuhan industri.<br /><br />"Sebetulnya mau 0% kami setuju jika produksi dalam negeri mampu memenuhi kebutuhan. Harusnya produksi naik dulu," papar dia.<br /><br />Djoko meminta, pemerintah mempertimbangkan kembali penaikan tarif impor tembakau dari 5% menjadi 60%. Kombinasi antara kenaikan tajam tarif impor dan kuota impor pasti membuat industri sigaret kretek tangan (SKT) kolaps.<br /><br />"Penurunan tajam produksi industri SKT, akan berdampak besar pada tingkat pengangguran karena sifatnya yang padat karya. Pemerintah juga bakal menghadapi potensi penurunan pendapatan cukai yang sangat besar seperti tahun lalu, pendapatan cukai kurang Rp2 triliun saja ributnya setengah mati," ujar Joko.<br /><br />Sedangkan Direktur Jenderal (Dirjen) Industri Agro Kementerian Perindustrian, Panggah Susanto menambahkan, penyusunan aturan dan kebijakan soal tembakau harus sangat hati-hati karena berdampak pada hajat hidup orang banyak.<br /><br />"Penerapan kuota harus realistis sesuai kebutuhan industri rokok dalam negeri. Impor tembakau tidak bisa langsung dihentikan jika pasokan bahan baku buat industri tidak terjamin," tuturnya.</div>
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Author: <b>Indra BP<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.imq21.com/news/read/426158/20170308/123721/Pemerintah-Harus-Hati-hati-Terapkan-Aturan-Kuota-Impor-Tembakau.html" target="_blank">sumber</a></b></div>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-18053202054208113902017-03-09T15:22:00.002+07:002017-03-09T15:22:32.603+07:00Biotechnology in Flavor Production<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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More than 7,000 different compounds were identified and found in some 400 foodstuffs. Hundreds of these indigenous flavor compounds are isolated as natural flavor that used in food industry. Chemosynthesis of artificial flavor offends the consumers that tend to choose the safer ‘natural’ flavor. Extraction and isolation of flavor compounds from plant is one way to produce ‘natural’ flavor compounds which more expensive than chemosynthesis of artificial flavor. Involving biotechnology in production of flavor may reduce the high expense spent to recover the flavor from plant. Industrial application of biotechnology through gene expression, mutagenesis, whole-cell bio-catalysis, and others fermentation processes could find biocatalitic process to produce ‘natural’ flavor compounds. Use of the technology wisely gives cheaper process and safe products.</div>
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Senyawa flavor (aroma dan citarasa) sangat penting dan turut menentukan perkembangan industri makanan dan minuman. Senyawa tersebut menentukan sifat organoleptik yang merupakan salah satu atribut mutu makanan/minuman dan menentukan pasar produk tersebut. Ada dua kelompok flavor, yaitu kelompok senyawa indigenus (indigenous flavor) dan kelompok senyawa yang sengaja ditambahkan ke dalam produk makanan/minuman. Senyawa flavor indigenus berasal dari bahan baku makanan itu sendiri atau terbentuk di dalam makanan selama proses pengolahan. Sampai sekarang dilaporkan sedikitnya 7.000 senyawa flavor ditemukan di dalam 400 jenis bahan pangan (www.axxence.de). Kelompok senyawa flavor yang kedua adalah senyawa flavor yang sengaja ditambahkan untuk memperbaiki mutu sensoris (flavor) makanan atau minuman tersebut. Senyawa flavor ini termasuk ke dalam bahan tambahan makanan. Kelompok senyawa ini ada yang ‘alami’ (natural) dan sintetis/artificial. Senyawa flavor ‘alami’, sering juga disebut dengan bio-flavor, merupakan senyawa yang dihasilkan dari ekstraksi tanaman/hewan atau diproduksi secara mikrobiologis. Jenis flavor ini sering diperdagangkan dalam bentuk crude flavor maupun pure flavor. Flavor sintetis merupakan senyawa yang dibentuk secara kimia. Senyawa flavor sintetis mempunyai sifat sensoris yang sama dengan senyawa flavor ‘alami’.</div>
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Penggunaan senyawa flavor oleh industri pangan ditujukan untuk memperkuat flavor produk atau untuk membentuk flavor produk yang spesifik yang pada akhirnya dapat meningkatkan mutu sensoris produk tersebut. Selain itu, produksi flavor juga disesuaikan dengan keinginan konsumen. Bahkan sekarang ini ada kecenderungan konsumen menginginkan satu flavor dapat digunakan pada lebih dari satu jenis makanan. Secara umum, produksi jenis flavor oleh industri pangan dilakukan melalui pertimbangan mutu, ekonomi, dan keinginan konsumen, sehingga penelitian-penelitian flavor juga mengarah pada, selain nilai ilmiah, nilai ekonomis produk dan keinginan konsumen. </div>
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Gambar 1. Sintesis vanillin dari eugenol dengan menggunakan bakteri Pseudomonas sp. HR 199 yang dimodifikasi secara genetic. Enzim yang relevan terlibat diperlihatkan dengan nama gennya ada dalam lingkaran oval</div>
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(Schrader et al., 2004).</div>
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Dengan demikian hasil-hasil penelitian flavor haruslah sesuai dengan kebutuhan industri dan pada akhirnya untuk kepuasan konsumen. Penggunaan senyawa flavor sintetis sering masih menjadi pilihan industri pangan karena lebih murah dibandingkan dengan senyawa flavor ‘alami’.</div>
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Dekade belakangan ini, perkembangan penggunaan senyawa flavor mengarah pada penggunaan senyawa flavor ‘alami’ karena kekhawatiran konsumen akan bahaya penggunaan senyawa flavor sintetis. Meningkatnya kepedulian konsumen terhadap keamanan dan kesehatan menyebabkan meningkatnya permintaan akan penggunaan senyawa flavor ‘alami’. Dampak terhadap kesehatan sudah menjadi pertimbangan industri flavor maupun industry makanan/minuman yang banyak menggunakan senyawa flavor. Selain berfungsi untuk memperbaiki flavor produk, senyawa flavor ‘alami’ sering mempunyai fungsi kesehatan lain (Berger, 2009), seperti sebagai:</div>
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• Antimikrobial (vanillin, komponen minyak atsiri),</div>
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• Antifungal dan antiviral (beberapa senyawa alkanolida),</div>
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• Antioksidan (vanillin, eugenol dan lain-lain).</div>
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• Pengatur tekanan darah (2-[E]-hexenal), atau</div>
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• Bahan anti-inflammatory (1,8-cineole).</div>
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Peningkatan permintaan akan senyawa flavor ‘alami’ memacu penelitian-penelitian flavor yang mengarah pada produksi flavor ‘alami’ dengan biaya yang lebih rendah. Produksi senyawa flavor melalui proses biokatalis dalam industri sudah mulai dilakukan untuk mengatasi menurunnya permintaan senyawa flavor yang diproduksi secara kimia.</div>
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Dewasa ini pemanfaatan bahan ‘alami’ yang berhubungan dengan makanan dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen. Label ‘‘alami’’ (‘natural’) merupakan label yang ampuh digunakan untuk memasarkan produk yang dibutuhkan konsumen. Produk ‘alami’ dipercaya aman untuk dikonsumsi, bahkan produk tersebut termasuk ke dalam GRAS (generally recognized as safe) sehingga aman untuk dikonsumsi. Produksi senyawa flavor dari ekstrak tanaman, proses biokatalis maupun penerapan rekayasa genetik terhadap tanaman maupun ekspresi gen ke dalam sel bakteri atau yeast sudah mulai dilakukan secara komersial. Beberapa produk senyawa flavor yang diproduksi secara komersial dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1.</div>
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Untuk memperoleh senyawa flavor yang ‘alami’, ekstraksi dan isolasi senyawa flavor dari tanaman banyak dilakukan oleh industri flavor. Senyawa flavor ini mempunyai nilai ekonomis yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan senyawa flavor sintetis. Kesulitan ekstraksi atau destilasi terjadi apabila kandungan senyawa flavor yang rendah, sehingga tidak dapat dilakukan produksi senyawa flavor dengan cara ekstraksi dan destilasi yang sederhana. Dengan demikian, diperlukan teknologi dengan biaya yang lebih tinggi untuk mengekstrak dan mengisolasi senyawa flavor tersebut. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi mengarah pada teknik rekayasa genetik terhadap tanaman untuk dapat menghasilkan komponen flavor yang lebih tinggi atau mengekspresikan gen yang bertanggungjawab terhadap produksi flavor itu sehingga dapat diproduksi secara mikrobiologis dengan produktivitas yang tinggi. Teknik modern biologi molekuler dan rekayasa proses, seperti ekspresi gen, mutagenesis, biokatalis dengan menggunakan sel mikroba (whole-cell biocatalysis) dan proses rekayasa lainnya, dapat menghasilkan lebih banyak proses biokatalisis untuk produksi senyawa flavor (Schrader et al., 2004). Aplikasi biokatalisis secara industri untuk produksi senyawa flavor ‘alami’ dapat dilakukan untuk produksi vanillin, Ύ-decalactone, asam-asam karboksilat, senyawa C6 aldehyda and senyawa alcohol, senyawa ester dan 2-phenylethanol. Dalam reviewnya Rabenhorst et al. membahas keterkaitan bioteknologi dengan aplikasi industri senyawa flavor tersebut.</div>
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Produk senyawa flavor melalui proses menggunakan sel mikroba maupun rekayasa genetik bersaing dengan proses produksi dengan ekstraksi langsung dari tanaman. Beberapa pertimbangan yang diperlukan untuk penerapan bioteknologi dalam proses produksi senyawa flavor adalah gabungan antara pertimbangan ilmiah dan komersial, seperti:</div>
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• Senyawa flavor bernilai tinggi yang terkandung di dalam tanaman yang tidak mungkin dilakukan dengan cara ekstraksi atau destilasi klasik,</div>
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• Bahaya produk kemosintesis, konsumen merasa lebih aman mengkonsumsi produk ‘‘alami’’. Sebagai contoh: di Eropa 90% senyawa flavor yang digunakan di dalam produk minuman adalah senyawa ‘‘alami’’ (80% di US) (Berger, 2009),</div>
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• Biokatalis sangat selektif (chemo-, regio-, stereo- ), dan</div>
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• Biokatalis diterima sebagai proses yang ‘alami’ (white biotechnology).</div>
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Glutamat dalam bentuk monosodium glutamate (MSG) merupakan salah satu produk senyawa penguat flavor (flavor enhancer) yang sudah banyak dan umum diproduksi di berbagai negara. Sebagian besar produk ini diproduksi secara mikrobiologis melalui fermentasi bahan yang mengandung gula menjadi glutamate dengan menggunakan bakteri (Corynebacterium glutamicum). Di Indonesia</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Acetaldehydea Citronellyl estersb 2-Heptanonea 2-Octanone</strong></div>
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Acetoina n-Decanala n-Hexanal 4-Octanolidea</div>
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Acetophenone 4-Decanolidea 2-(E)-Hexenal/ol 1-Octen-3-ola</div>
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Anethol 5-Decanolidea 3-(Z)-Hexenol/acetateb 2-Pentanonea</div>
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Anisyl acetate 2-Decenolactonea 4-Hexanolidea i-Pentyl alcohola</div>
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Benzaldehydea Dimethyl pyrazines 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone i-Pentyl estersb</div>
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Benzyl butanoatea 4-Dodecanolidea Indole Phenylacetaldehydea</div>
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n-Butyl estersb 5-Dodecanolidea ß-Iononea 1-Phenylethyl acetatea</div>
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n-Butanola Ethyl acetatea Maltol n-Propanola</div>
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i-Butyl alcohola Ethyl benzoateb Methionala 2-Propenyl hexanoatec</div>
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i-Butyl estersb Ethyl butanoatea Methyl anthranilatea n-Propyl esters</div>
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i-Butanala Ethyl 2,4-(E,Z)-decadienoateb 2-Methylbutanoic acid/estersa Raspberry ketone</div>
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d-Carvone Ethyl 2-methylbutanoatea 3-Methylbutanala Sclareolidea</div>
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ß-Caryophyllene Ethyl phenylacetatea Methyl salycilate 4-Undecalactonea</div>
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Cinnamic acida Farnesol n-Nonanal/ola 2-Undecanonea</div>
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Cinnamic alcohola Fenchol 2-Nonanonea Vanillina</div>
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Cinnamaldehydea Furfuryl thiola Nootkatonea</div>
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Cinnamyl estersb Geranyl acetateb n-Octanal</div>
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Citronellol n-Heptanal 3-Octanol</div>
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*Berger, 2009; aKemungkinan dapat berasal dari proses bioteknologi;</div>
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Berasal dari ekstrak tanaman; cTidak ditemukan di alam.</div>
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beberapa perusahaan MSG menggunakan tetes (molase) tebu sebagai substrat dalam proses produksi glutamat. Dengan proses rekayasa genetika dan rekayasa medium pertumbuhan bakteri tersebut dapat memproduksi glutamat dalam jumlah yang banyak.</div>
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Banyak senyawa flavor yang sedang diteliti untuk bisa dikembangkan dan diaplikasikan pada proses industri. Vanillin merupakan salah satu senyawa flavor yang dapat dikembangkan untuk diproduksi secara mikrobiologis. Vanillin dapat diproduksi dengan mengekstrak buah vanili. Ekstraksi vanillin dari buah vanili memerlukan biaya yang tinggi, sehingga produksi vanillin sintetik masih tinggi. Setiap tahun diproduksi lebih dari 10.000 ton vanillin secara kimia. Hal ini dipicu oleh permintaan vanillin yang terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Menurut survey perkembangan produk baru 2012 (2012 New Products Development Survey) yang dipublikasikan oleh Zegler (2012), penggunaan flavor vanillin menduduki 10 besar dan terjadi peningkatan penggunaan (9%) dari tahun 2010 untuk produk minuman. Peningkatan 9% ini sama dengan peningkatan flavor apel dan peningkatan ini paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan flavor lain yang digunakan untuk minuman.</div>
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Akibat permintaan flavor vanillin yang tinggi dan terus meningkat, maka usaha produksi vanillin secara mikrobiologis terus diteliti untuk dapat dikembangkan agar biaya</div>
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produksi vanillin dapat lebih murah, setidaknya biaya produksi sama dengan proses sintesis kimia. Proses produksi secara bioteknologi didasarkan pada biokonversi asam ferulat, isoeugenol atau eugenol dengan mengaplikasikan bakteri, fungi atau mikroorganisme lain yang direkayasa secara genetika. Mikroorganisme yang sedang diteliti secara intensif adalah Amycolatopsis sp. dan Pseudomonas sp. Bakteri Pseudomonas sp. dapat mengkonversi eugenol melalui asam ferulat menjadi vanillin. Dengan mengganggu gen vdh (vanillin dehydrogenase) bakteri tersebut dapat mengkonversi eugenol menjadi vanillin (lihat Gambar 1). Eugenol merupakan substrat yang murah dan mudah diperoleh di Indonesia. Karena proses ini melibatkan organism yang dimodifikasi secara genetik (genetically modified organism/GMO), maka diperlukan penelitian yang intensif agar produk vanillin yang dihasilkan aman untuk dikonsumsi.</div>
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Faktor kesehatan masih menjadi prioritas konsumen dalam memilih makanan. Penggunaan bahan-bahan alami dalam proses produksi makanan mempunyai pangsa pasar yang terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Demikian pula penggunaan senyawa flavor ‘alami’ masih menjadi pilihan masyarakat sebelum memilih senyawa flavor sintetis. Permintaan konsumen terhadap senyawa flavor alami merupakan salah satu faktor pemicu meningkatnya keinginan industri minuman menggunakan flavor alami dalam produknya (Zegler, 2012).</div>
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Proses bioteknologi yang dapat diaplikasikan dalam proses industri produksi flavor meliputi proses ekstraksi dan isolasi langsung dari tanaman, isolasi senyawa flavor dari proses fermentasi, dan menggunakan mikroorganisme yang dimodifikasi secara genetik dalam proses produksi senyawa flavor. Ekstraksi dan isolasi senyawa flavor langsung dari tanaman atau melalui proses fermentasi merupakan proses yang biasa dilakukan, bahkan sudah dilakukan secara tradisional secara turun-temurun. Dengan demikian proses ini dapat menghasilkan senyawa flavor yang aman untuk digunakan di industri pangan dan termasuk GRAS. Kombinasi antara proses fermentasi dan ekstraksi senyawa flavor dapat meningkatkan produksi senyawa flavor. Dalam hal ini, proses fermentasi dapat memaksimalkan recovery senyawa flavor pada saat proses ekstraksi.</div>
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</div>
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Senyawa flavor yang diproduksi secara mikrobiologis yang menggunakan GMO masih menjadi perdebatan antara pro dan kontra. Namun demikian, perkembangan bioteknologi yang mengarah pada biologi molekuler begitu pesat dewasa ini. Perkembangan ini menyebabkan berkembangnya makanan transgenik atau makanan yang mengandung ingredien transgenik, termasuk flavor. Pengembangan produk flavor dengan proses yang menggunakan GMO perlu mempertimbangkan aspek kesehatan dari produk tersebut. Penggunaan teknologi secara bijaksana akan menghasilkan proses produksi yang lebih murah dan produk yang aman.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Referensi</strong></div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<em style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">• Berger, R.G. 2009. Biotechnology of flavor – the next generation. Biotechnol. Lett. 31: 1651-1659.</em></div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<em style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">• Krings, U. and Berger, R.G. 1998. Biotechnological production of flavors and fragrances. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49: 1-8.</em></div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<em style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">• Schrader, J., Etschmann, M.M.W., Sell, D., Hilmer, J.M. and Rabenhorst, J. 2004. Applied biocatalysis for the synthesis of natural flavour compounds –current industrial processes and future prospects. Biotechnol. Lett. 26: 463-472.</em></div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<em style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">• Zegler, J. 2012. 2012 new product development survey. Beverage Industry, January 2012: 56-66</em></div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: blue; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Nyoman Semadi Antara, Ph.D.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Professor on Food and Agroindustrial Technology</div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Laboratory of Bioindustry</div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University</div>
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</div>
<div style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
(FOODREVIEW INDONESIA | VOL. VII/NO. 5/MEI 2012)<br /><br /><a href="http://foodreview.co.id/blog-56425-Biotechnology-in-Flavor-Production.html" target="_blank">sumber</a></div>
</div>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-7613180635359978592017-03-09T13:22:00.000+07:002017-03-09T13:28:27.329+07:00PT. Essence Indonesia (International Flavors & Fragrances)<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLgRp2cbjWO0vw1t61ZJoruMcoDDAjXoLyeFEngUnVadIHFVSIosfftRcu8wepI2RU1qrEYznVz743mqaYqylIvNVxrzFaWGq7Ii8Q4FuvdrbhHPqOJyum2lUSJJuoYmIPfLyYB2xENY0/s1600/tti35.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLgRp2cbjWO0vw1t61ZJoruMcoDDAjXoLyeFEngUnVadIHFVSIosfftRcu8wepI2RU1qrEYznVz743mqaYqylIvNVxrzFaWGq7Ii8Q4FuvdrbhHPqOJyum2lUSJJuoYmIPfLyYB2xENY0/s640/tti35.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /><br />Internasional
Flavor and Fragrance – PT. Essence Indonesia merupakan industri hulu yang
bergerak di bidang produksi flavors dan fragrance. Flavors merupakan bahan baku
yang berhubungan dengan aroma dan rasa yang digunakan sebagai tambahan pangan
dan rokok.Fragrance merupakan bahan baku bukan
pangan yang digunakan sebagai bibit wewangian untuk memproduksi parfum,
bahan perawatan diri dan perawatan rumah tangga seperti sabun, deterjen,
shampo, minyak wangi, dan lain – lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Produk yang
dihasilkan oleh Internasional Flavor and Fragrance – PT Essence Indonesia
berfungsi antara lain untuk : memperkuat rasa, aroma, dan bau – bauan yang ada
di alam,untuk menggantikan rasa, aroma, dan bau – bauan yang sama sekali tidak
dijumpai di alam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahan baku
utama yang digunakan dalam proses
produksi flavor dan
fragrancesebagian besar masih diimpor
dari berbagai negara seperti Amerika Latin, Timur Tengah, Cina, Jepang dan
Thailand. Keterbatasan bahan baku di dalam negeri dengan jumlah pemasok yang
cukup sedikit merupakan penyebab harga jual yang cukup tinggi. Hal ini menjadi
peenghambat dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan konsumen terhadap flavor dan fragrance.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai
industri hulu, perusahaan ini menyediakan bahan baku untuk industri yang
bergerak dibidang consumer goods seperti industri pengolahan bahan – bahan
makanan dan minuman, perusahaan rokok, perusahaan minyak wangi dan penghasil
produk perawatan diri dan perawatan rumah tangga.Pemasaran dan penjualan produk
untuk pelanggan dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu secara langsung oleh staf dari
departemen pemasaran dan melalui distributor. Pelanggan yang merupakan
perusahaan besar mencakup ± 80% dari total penjualan PT. Essence Indonesia
(IFF). Perusahaan – perusahaan ini ditangani secara langsung oleh staf
departemen pemasaran dalam pembelian dan pemberian informasi mengenai produk
yang ditawarkan, sedangkan pelanggan berupa perusahaan kecil yang mencakup ±
20% dari total penjualan ditangani oleh para distributor yang tersebar
dibeberapa kota besar di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pesaing –
pesaing utama IFF-PT Essence Indonesia datang dari perusahaan penanaman modal
asing sejenis yang juga beroperasi secara global. Kondisi persaingan saat ini
cukup berimbang tetapi IFF-PT Essence Indonesia saat ini berada pada posisi
sebagai market leaderdi Indonesia. Posisi sebagai market leader terancam
apabila undang – undang anti monopoli diberlakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penanganan
Quality Qontrol di PT.Essence Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada praktek
industri yang kami lakukan pada tanggal 15 Juli sampai 21 Desember 2013 kami
akan menerangkan tentang penanganan Quality Control dibagian QC Mikrobiologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada bebrapa
pengujian di bagian mikrobiologi contohnya TPC, Yeast, E.Coli, Swab test, dll.
Praktek yang kami lakukan di bagian mikrobiologi dari melakukan pengambilan
contoh secara aseptik dan selalu dihindari kemungkinan adanya kemungkinan
kontaminasi. Menggunakan botol contoh dan peralatan pengambilan contoh dan
peralatan pengambilan contoh dari beberapa tempat, yaitu ditanki pengadukan
atau homogenisasi, pada saat pengisian drum dan dari beberapa drum yang telah
terisi. Sampai melakukan perhitungan koloni yang terdapat pada masing-masing
produk yang diujikan. Menghasilkan suatu produk yang aman untuk dikonsumsi
adalah suatu kewajiban. Hal ini tidak saja guna memenuhi peraturan kesehatan
dan tuntutan konsumen, tetapi juga merupakan komitmen dari semua perusahaan
yang ada. Pengertian produk aman salah satunya aman dari pencemaran mikroba.
Mengingat produk yang steril merupakan hal yang hampir tidak mungkin, tetapi
adanya pencemaran mikroba harus tetap dibawah tingkat maksimum yang
diperbolehkan untuk tujuan tertentu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tes dasar adanya pencemaran
mikroba umumnya terdiri dari tiga kategori yaitu TPC (Total Plate Count), E.
Coli/Coliform (indikasi pencemaran dari buangan domestik/fisik), dan Yeast
& Mould (Khamir & Kapang)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Biasanya pengujian yang sering
dilakukan adalah TPC, Yeast. E.Coli. Pengujian-pengujian ini dilakukan rutin
setiap harinya. Hanya beberapa produk yang dilakukan pengujian yang lainya
tergantung perusahaan lain yang akan mengorder produk tersebut. Biasanya
pengujian yang lain adalah Salmonella. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Salmonella adalah bakteri berbentuk batang
dengan diameter 0,7 – 1,5 µm, termasuk dalam bakteri Gram – Negatif. Tidak
menghasilkan spora, utamanya bersifat motile serta memiliki flagella di seluruh
permukaan selnya (petrichious). Salmonella adalah salah satu bakteri yang
sering kali menyebabkan penyakit yang cukup serius apabila mancemari makanan maupun
minuman yang di konsumsi manusia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Oleh karena itu pengujian terhadap bakteri
Salmonella sangat penting. Hal ini, selain untuk memenuhi kriteria yang
dipersyaratkan peraturan – peraturan keamanan pangan baik nasional maupun
internasional, juga menghindari terjadinya kontaminasi makanan atau minuman
oleh bakteri Salmonella, sehingga tersebarnya penyakit serius akibat Salmonella
bisa dihindari sedini mungkin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Selain itu juga ada pengujian Allergent. Tes
terhadap Allergen ( Gliadin ), terutama diperuntukkan untuk bahan mentah (Raw
Material) maupun produk jadi (Finish Good) atau peralatan yang digunakan untuk
produksi yang kemungkinan dapat terkontaminasi zat-zat yang bersifat Allergenic
dari bahan-bahan atau produk yang berasal dari cereallia, sea food, egg, fish,
dan lin-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Contoh pengujian Total
Plate Count<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengukuran
pencemaran mikroba diperuntukkan untuk semua produk dan bahan baku yang mungkin
dapat digunakan oleh mikroba sebagai media pertumbuhan yang baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peralatan
yang digunakan adalah peralatan
umum mikrobiologi contoh cawan
petri, pipettor + tip 1 mL, botol pengencer 10 mL, Erlenmeyer, tabung reaksi,
spreader.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a.
Peralatan sterilisasi : autoclave (sterilisasi basah), dan oven
(sterilisasi kering)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b.
Inkubator, pemanas air (water bath), pembakar Bunsen, neraca analitis,
dispenser pipet dan bleder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c.
Mikroskop, dan Colony Counter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d.
Laminar air flow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Lakukan pengambilan sampel secara
aseptic dan selalu hindari kemungkinan adanya kontaminasi. Gunakan botol contoh
dan peralatan pengambilan contoh yang baru saja disterilisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Untuk produk-produk yang sensitif
mikroba misalnya emulsi, lakukan pengambilan contoh dari beberapa tempat, yaitu
di tanki pengadukan atau homogenisasi, pada saat pengisian drum dan dari
beberapa drum yang telah terisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tutup rapat botol contoh yang telah
terisi dan segera simpan dalam refrigerator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TPC (Total
Plate Count)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Persiapan
Larutan Pengenceran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> - Cairan Diluent (larutan
pengencer-larutan garam fisiologis) – Larutan Ringer OXOID BR 52 (US-DHSS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Larutan 1
tablet ke dalam 500 mL air suling. Sterilisasi pada suhu 121°C selama 15 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.
Pengenceran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> - Contoh Cairan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Masukkan larutan ringer ke dalam botol
atau Erlenmeyer steril, pipet 10 mL contoh dan tambahkan 90 mL larutan ringer
(pengenceran 10-1). Aduk sampai benar-benar rata, biarkan selama 30 menit.
Lakukan pengenceran secara berturut-turut untuk
mendapatkan faktor
pengenceran 10-2, 10-3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> - Contoh Padatan/Tepung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Timbang 10 g contoh ke dalam Erlenmeyer
steril, dan tambahkan 90 mL larutan ringer (pengenceran 10-1). Aduk sampai
benar-benar rata, biarkan selama 30 menit. Lakukan pengenceran secara
berturut-turut untuk mendapatkan faktor pengenceran 10-2, 10-3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. Media Pertumbuhan dan Pembuatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> - OXOID CM463 – Standar Plate Count Agar
(Apha / American Public Healt Assosiation)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> - Timbang 23.5 g media tersebut dan
tambah air sebanyak 1 liter. Kemudian didihkan sampai larut sempurna dan disterilisasi pada suhu 121°C
selama 15 menit. Masukkan ke dalam water
bath.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. Inokulasi (pemupukan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Penanaman ini dilakukan di dalam laminar air flow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Pertama siapkan sampel yang sudah ditimbang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Siapkan larutan pengenceran (ringer).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Ukur sebanyak 90 mL larutan ringer dan masukkan pada erlenmeyer
sampel (pengenceran
10-1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Aduk hingga tercampur secara sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Siapkan petridis dan ambil 1 mL larutan sampel (pengenceran 10-1) tadi
dengan pipetor dan masukkan
ke pertridis .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Lalu larutan sampel (pengenceran 10-1) diambil 1 mL lagi dan masukkan ke
dalam botol 10 mL yang sudah diisi
dengan larutan ringer juga (pengenceran 10-2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Ambil 1 ml dari pengenceran 10-2 lalu masukkan ke dalam petridis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Setelah itu ambil 1 mL lagi dari
botol pengenceran 10-2 dan masukkan kedalam botol 10 mL yang lain (pengenceran
10-3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Ambil 1 mL dari botol pengenceran 10-3 dan masukkan ke dalam petridis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Lakukanlah secara duplo .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Kemudian lakukanlah plating dengan cara menuangkan media ke dalam
petridis ± 10 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Diamkan pada suhu kamar sampai media tersebut memadat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -
Inkubasi selama ± 48-72 jam(2-3 hari) pada suhu 32-35°C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e. Perhitungan koloni<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Koloni di
TPC diindikasikan dengan lingkaran putih tebal.Adanya titik-titik putih
menyerupai awan harus di curigai sebagai TPC terutama untuk produk emulsi.
Hitung banyak koloni yang ada menggunakan mikroskop atau penghitung koloni.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengolahan
Limbah di PT. Essence Indonesia (International Flavors & Fragrances)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PT. Essence
Indonesia (IFF) memiliki sebuah department yang menangani limbah tang ada di
perusahaan tersebut yaitu WWTP (Waste Water Treatment Plan) atau IPLC
(Instalasi Pengolahan Limbah Cair). Biasanya department tersebut menangani
limbah cair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Department
ini mengolah limbah cair dengan menggunakan teori Mikrobiologi yaitu Aerob dan
Anaerob.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perbedaan
utama dari pengolahan secara aerob dan anaerob terletak pada kondisi
lingkungannya. Pada pengolahan secara aerob, kehadiran oksigen mutlak
diperlukan untuk metabolisme bakteri, sementara pada kondisi anaerob
sebaliknya. Berikut ini adalah beberapa perbedaan utama antara pengolahan
secara aerob dan anaerob menurut Eckenfelder, et.al (1988) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Temperatur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Temperatur
mempengaruhi proses aerob maupun anaerob. Pada proses anaerob, diperlukan
temperatur yang lebih tinggi untuk mencapai laju reaksi yang diperlukan. Pada
proses anaerob, penambahan temperatur dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan panas
dari gas methane yang merupakan by-product proses anaerob itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pH dan
Alkalinitas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses aerob
bekerja paling efektif pada kisaran pH 6,5 – 8,5. Pada reaktor aerob yang
dikenal dengan istilah completely mixed activated sludge (CMAS), terjadi proses
netralisasi asam dan basa sehingga biasanya tidak diperlukan tambahan bahan
kimia selama BOD kurang dari 25 mg/L.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sementara
itu proses anaerob yang memanfaatkan bakteri methanogen lebih sensitif pada pH
dan bekerja optimum pada kisaran pH 6,5 – 7,5. Sekurang-kurangnya, pH harus
dijaga pada nilai 6,2 dan jika konsentrasi sulfat cukup tinggi maka kisaran pH
sebaiknya berada pada pH 7 – 8 untuk menghindari keracunan H2S. Alkalinitas
bikarbonat sebaiknya tersedia pada kisaran 2500 hingga 5000 mg/L untuk
mengatasi peningkatan asam-asam volatil dengan menjaga penurunan pH sekecil
mungkin. Biasanya dilakukan penambahan bikarbonat ke dalam reaktor untuk
mengontrol pH dan alkalinitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Semua limbah
cair dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a.
Fragrances Plant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Powder
Plant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. Flavor
Plant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. PBP Plant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e. Laundry
& Domestic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Semua buangan limbah tersebut di
tampung di dalam Oil Separator Tank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oil
Separator Tank ini memiliki kapasitas 22,7 m3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Setelah dari Oil Separator Tank maka
limbah cair tersebut di transver ke dalam pit tank sebelum ditransver ke dalam
Main Collection Tank di hitung berapa yang masuk ke dalam Main Collection Tank
menggunkakan Flow Meter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Lalu di pompa menggunakan pompa atas
menuju Aerator Tank 1 setiap harinya biasanya 48 m3 . Pengaturan transver dari
Main Collection menuju Aerator terserah karyawan WWTP. Pada tahapan ini di
lakukan airasi (udara) supaya bakteri aerob tidak mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Kemudian di endapkan pada Sedimen Tank
1. Tahapan ini bertujuan agar lumpur yang ada dapat terpisah dengan air yang
ada. Bak pengendap harus memenuhi persyaratan tertentu antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Bahan bangunan harus kuat terhadap
tekanan atau gaya berat yang mungkin timbul dan harus tahan terhadap asam serta
harus kedap air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Jumlah ruangan disarankan minimal 2
(dua) buah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. Waktu tinggal (residence time) 1s/d 3
hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. Bentuk Tangki empat persegi panjang
dengan perbandingan panjang dan lebar 2 s/d 3 : 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e. Lebar Bak minimal 0,75 meter dan
panjang bak minimal 1,5 meter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">f. Kedalaman air efektif 1-2 meter,
tinggi ruang bebas air 0,2-0,4 meter dan tinggi ruang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">g. Untuk penyimpanan lumpur 1/3 dari
kedalaman air efektif (laju produksi lumpur sekitar 0,03 – 0,04 M3/orang /tahun
).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">h. Dasar bak dapat dibuat horizontal atau
dengan kemiringan tertentu untuk memudahkan pengurasan lumpur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i. Pengurasan lumpur minimal dilakukan
setiap 2 – 3 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Dari Sedimen Tank 1 akan di alirkan ke
Aerator Tank 2 dengan metoge gravity. Di Areator Tank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. 2 juga di lakukan airasi (udara) sama
seperti di Aerator Tank 1 agar bakteri yang ada tidak mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Jika sudah maka hasil dari Aerator
Tank 2 di transver menuju Sedimen Tank 2. Di sini juga bertujuan untuk
mengendapkan lumpur yang ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Kemudian di alirkan menuju ke
Flocullant Tank. Di Flocullant Tank di tambahkan zat kimia yaitu AlSO4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Setelah di endapkan di Sedimen Tank 2
lalu di alirkan ke Post Sedimen Tank secara gravity maka lumpur yang masih
terbawa air akan mengendap dengan sendirinya. Kemudian akan masuk ke Final Tank
dan limbah selesai di olah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hasil limbah
yang sudah di olah dari Final Tank biasanya hanya di gunakan untuk menyiram
tanaman yang ada di perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Limbah yang
di olah pun harus di lakukan pengujian contoh nya pengujian COD (Chemical
Oxigen Demand), pH, TDS, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dan juga
dilakukan pengecekan oleh pemerintah setempat BPLDH selama 3 bulan sekali.<br /><br /><a href="http://arijokopratama.blogspot.co.id/2014/02/pt-essence-indonesia-international.html" style="background-color: #edf1ec; color: #7d181e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 28.3333px;" target="_blank">sumber</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-23121286096126641132017-03-09T13:15:00.000+07:002017-03-09T13:15:13.699+07:00Fragrance atau perfume apa itu<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #d52a33; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5_DPmX2wDYI46zz7EToLXWOaApVKhM11gzyQ9M7TIY8azZ2-pfG-UtzKj5U37f2fEKTB5T1noEr9ucSMCcy4UL8H8nmYvsPhTMGZvDgwfbqb8reW1AoJBhHsHBGUusCx6fSvNmZnQiH-c/s1600/tti33.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #7d181e; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5_DPmX2wDYI46zz7EToLXWOaApVKhM11gzyQ9M7TIY8azZ2-pfG-UtzKj5U37f2fEKTB5T1noEr9ucSMCcy4UL8H8nmYvsPhTMGZvDgwfbqb8reW1AoJBhHsHBGUusCx6fSvNmZnQiH-c/s640/tti33.jpg" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3f3f3f; font-family: "Ek Mukta"; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /><br />Dalam berinteraksi dengan orang lain penting untuk kita menjaga agar tubuh tidak <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://fashionpria.com/info/pentingnya-aroma-tubuh/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #40b5ff; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline;">mengeluarkan aroma tak sedap</a></strong>. Terutama dengan wanita, mereka sangat sensitif terhadap aroma, dan wanita sangat menyukai pria yang harum karena ini berarti pria tersebut respect terhadap dirinya sendiri. Untuk itulah pada artikel kali ini saya membahas info yang berhubungan dengan fragrance/perfume, sebagai pengetahuan untuk Anda atau untuk me-refresh kembali bagi Anda yang telah mengetahuinya.</div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><a name='more'></a><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;" /><span id="more-544" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3f3f3f; font-family: "Ek Mukta"; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">
Fragrance atau parfum terdiri dari beberapa jenis berdasarkan pada jumlah campuran atau konsentrasi dari minyak dan air. Campuran atau konsentrasi ini mempengaruhi ketahanan aroma parfum. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi suatu parfum, semakin lama aroma tersebut dan semakin sedikit Anda perlu memakainya</div>
<ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3f3f3f; font-family: "Ek Mukta"; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 30px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 10px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Pure Perfume</strong> : Adalah parfum murni, dengan konsentrasi tertinggi di bandingkan yang lainnya. Biasanya kita menyebutnya dengan bibit parfum. Pure perfume jarang sekali di temukan di pasar bebas. Aromanya bisa bertahan lebih dari 6 jam</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 10px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Eau de Perfume</strong>(EDP) : Jenis kedua yang memiliki konsentrasi lebih sedikit di bandingkan pure perfume. Parfum jenis EDP ini biasanya banyak untuk wanita, jarang yang untuk pria. Harganya biasanya mahal karena konsentrasi minyaknya yang banyak (8-15 %). EDP memiliki ketahanan aroma sekitar 4-6 jam.</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 10px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Eau de Toilette</strong>(EDT) : Parfum/fragrance untuk pria biasanya adalah jenis ini. Konsentrasi minyaknya sekitar 4-10% , lebih sedikit jika di bandingkan EDP, dan aromanya dapat bertahan 3-4 jam.</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 10px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Eau de Cologne</strong>: Jenis terakhir ini adalah parfum dengan konsentrasi terendah sekitar 2-5 % , umumnya sering kita temui pada produk -produk pengharum untuk wanita. Aromanya dapat bertahan hingga 3 jam.</li>
</ul>
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Parfum memiliki 3 lapisan aroma berdasarkan tingkat penguapannya, tiap lapisan ini di buat dengan sangat hati-hati oleh para ahli.</div>
<ol style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3f3f3f; font-family: "Ek Mukta"; font-size: 18px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 30px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 10px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Top Notes: </strong>Merupakan lapisan aroma atas, yaitu aroma yang tercium ketika parfum di semprotkan, terdiri dari molekul kecil, ringan yang dapat mudah menguap</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 10px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Middle Notes: </strong>Lapisan aroma tengah, yaitu aroma yang muncul setelah aroma top notes menguap, biasanya setelah 15 menit sampai 1 jam. Aroma ini akan bertahap menyatu dengan kulit dan semakin lama akan melembut.</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 10px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Base Notes: </strong>Lapisan aroma dasar yaitu aroma yang lebih kaya dengan molekul terbesar dan yang paling lama penguapannya. Aroma ini akan tercampur dengan aroma middle notes yang menyatu di kulit yang membentuk wangi utama dari suatu parfum.</li>
</ol>
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Aroma lapisan atas dan tengah di pengaruhi oleh aroma lapisan dasar, dan aroma lapisan dasar akan di pengaruhi oleh jenis bahan yang di gunakan pada lapisan tengah.</div>
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Pada artikel lain, nanti akan saya bahas tips-tips mengenai parfum<br /><br /><a href="http://fashionpria.com/info/pengetahuan-tentang-parfum-fragrance" style="color: #7d181e; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">sumber</a></div>
</div>
sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-349936683655994662017-03-09T13:13:00.002+07:002017-03-09T13:13:39.770+07:00EKSTRAKSI FLAVOR VANILLA<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #d52a33; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpwZTgYp3y9pBX-arEJJ15sVqzD158Z4B2FdtKVrsLxbHa8p1_MPxAY7yiPKHnEssR2K1StIfekjIwHMwXCI3F1jqzjomnJ3AghVfM5p8dHgqdiIGh4kSRt9OmyRnxnhJbs-lPe1B1ARjn/s1600/tti34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #7d181e; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpwZTgYp3y9pBX-arEJJ15sVqzD158Z4B2FdtKVrsLxbHa8p1_MPxAY7yiPKHnEssR2K1StIfekjIwHMwXCI3F1jqzjomnJ3AghVfM5p8dHgqdiIGh4kSRt9OmyRnxnhJbs-lPe1B1ARjn/s640/tti34.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />Vanilli (Vanilla planifolia) merupakan salah satu komoditas tanaman tropis khususnya Indonesia yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi karena kandungan senyawa flavor yang dapat dihasilkannya. Vanilli.merupakan rempah termahal kedua yang diperdagangkan di pasar internasional dan Indonesia merupakan negara terbesar yang memproduksi dan mengekspor vanilli, dimana memenuhi kebutuhan pasar dunia sebesar 682 ton atau setara dengan 40 % kebutuhan dunia (De Guzman dan Siemonsma, 1999). Negara-negara tujuan ekspor Indonesia terbesar untuk antara lain Cina, Amerika Serikat, Jerman, Korea, dan Singapura.<a name='more'></a><br />Bentuk komoditas vanilli yang diekspor dan diimpor dapat dikelompokkan dalam 2 bentuk, yaitu whole bean (bentuk vanilli utuh kering) dan other vanilli (bentuk olahan vanilli lainnya berupa ekstrak vanilli, oleoresin, bubuk, dll). Ekstrak vanili merupakan salah satu bentuk vanili olahan yang lebih mudah dan luas penggunaannya. Ekstrak vanili digunakan sebagai flavouring agent dessert, like baked goods, es krim, minuman dan custard. Selain itu ekstrak vanilli digunakan juga oleh industri selain pangan seperti parfum, obat-obatan dan kosmetik (de Guzman dan Siemonsma 1999).<br />Komponen cita rasa yang khas dari biji vanilli adalah vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) yang merupakan Kristal fenolik aldehid, dengan persentase sebesar 85 % dari senyawa volatile yang terdapat pada buah vanilli. Besarnya kadar vanillin merupakan parameter terpenting untuk menilai kualitas vanilli. Komponen lainnya adalah p-hidroksi benzaldehid (sampai 9 %) dan p-hidroksi benzyl metal eter (1 %). Disamping itu, khusus untuk vanilli Tahiti memiliki flavor berbeda akibat adanya komponen tambahan yakni piperonal (heliotropin, 3,4-dioksimetilen benzaldehid) dan diasetil (butandion) (http://www.portal.remarkable food.com 2005).</div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Selain prekusor dan enzim pembentuk flavor, buah vanilli mengandung komponen zat gizi lengkap yang meliputi protein, lemak, karbohidrat, vitamin, dan mineral. Menurut de Guzman dan Siemonsma (1999), per 100 g berat buah vanilli kering vanilla planifolia Andrews, mengandung 20 g air, 3 – 5 g protein, 11 g lemak, 7 – 9 g gula, 15 – 10 g abu, 1,5 – 3 g vanillin, 2 g soft resin dan asam vanilat yang tidak berflavor.<br />Pada umumnya, ekstrak vanilli dibuat dari vanilli kering dengan metode konvensional (maserasi atau perkolasi ) selama 1 bulan. vanilli kering diperoleh dari vanilli segar yang telah melewati proses kuring, yaitu proses fermentasi dan pengeringan polong vanilli segar, karena biji vanilli (vanilla beans) segar tidak memiliki aroma (Deptan, 2004). Proses fermentasi berperan dalam pembentukan aroma dan flavor vanilli yaitu mengubah glukosida menjadi glukosa, vanilin dan kompleks flavor lain. Glukosida dengan jumlah tertinggi yaitu glukovanilin menghasilkan vanillin (komponen flavor utama vanilli) oleh aktivitas enzim β-glukosidase.<br />Disamping vanilli yang diperoleh secara alami, terdapat pula vanilli sintetik yang dapat dibuat dari eugenol (komponen flavor minyak cengkeh), lignin (limbah industi kertas), dan guaiacol (petrokimia). Vanilli sintetik lebih murah namun flavor yang dihasilkan tidak dapat menandingi flavor vanilli alami. Pada vanilli sintetik muncul flavor yang tidak diinginkan yaitu heavy, grassy odor dan bitter aftertaste.<br />Proses pengolahan secara tradisional dari vanilla adalah (scalding) atau membunuh (killing ( sunning atau sweating), pengeringan (drying), dan (conditioning) (Ranadive 1994; Dignum et al. 2001). Pada tahap awal proses kuring, dilakukan proses Scalding or killing dilakukan dengan cara memasukkann air panas suhu 65°C selama 3 min, hal ini berguna agar fase vegetative berhenti. Proses berikutnya adalah sweating (pemeraman), yaitu proses inkubasi pada 37–40°C selama 4-7 hari, hal ini berguna untuk interaksi enzim dan precursor cita rasa.. Pada tahap ini terjadi reaksi enzimatik dan kimiawi untuk pembentukan aroma, dimana β-glukosidase merubah glukovanilin menjadi vanilin dan glukosa. Pada tahap ini vanilli mengalami beberapa perubaan warna, aroma dan flavor. Warna buah berubah menjadi coklat karena oksidasi senyawa fenolik, gula, dan asam-asam organik dimetabolisme serta ester eter dan resin terbentuk (Ranadive, 1994). Selama drying, kelembaban diturunkan hingga 25–30%, dan conditioning adalah pengeringan pada suhu kamar selama beberapa bula untuk mendapatkan cita rasa vanilla secara keseluruhan. Selama conditioning, terjadi reaksi-reaksi seperti esterifikasi, eterifikasi, degradasi oksidatif dan reaksi lain menghasilkan senyawa volatil (Purseglove et al, 1981). Setelah serangkaian proses kuring, kadar vanilin dalam buah mencapai 1-2,5% tergantung mutu buah vanilli segar, selain itu perbedaan sifat kimia, fisik, dan organoleptik dari buah vanilli tergantung dari spesiesnya, bentuk fisik, dan gradenya, serta dipengaruhi juga oleh kondisi geografis (Purseglove et al, 1981).<br />Kualitas flavor vanilli yang sebenarnya tergantung dari pembentukan aroma yang lembut dan kompleks selama proses kuring. Flavor vanilli yang kaya dan lengkap mengandung lebih dari 250 senyawa volatil dan kebanyakan dari senyawa tersebut berperan dalam sifat organoleptik secara keseluruhan. Tetapi, hanya 26 senyawa yang ditemukan pada konsentrasi lebih dari 1 ppm.<br />Flavor vanilli dapat diekstrak dengan menggunakan metode ekstraksi dan distilasi. Ekstraksi adalah metode efisien yang digunakan untuk memisahkan dan mengkonsentrasikan suatu bahan. Ekstraksi secara kimiawi dengan menggunakan pelarut dapat memisahkan campuran berdasarkan perbedaan kelarutan dari komponen-komponen yang terkandung di dalamnya. Ekstraksi konvensional vanilli dapat dilakukan melaui pencampuran vanilli dengan pelarut polar seperti etanol dan air. Like dissolves like adalah acuan untuk memilih jenis pelarut yang digunakan.<br />Air merupakan molekul polar yang memiliki ujung muatan negatif dan positif sehingga molekul air dapat berinteraksi satu dengan yang lainnya. Molekul air juga dapat berinteraksi dengan molekul polar lainnya. Jenis pelarut lainnya yang biasa digunakan dalam ekstraksi vanilli adalah etanol. Etanol (CH3C2OH) merupakan suatu alkohol yang mengandung gugus hidroksil (-OH) yang terikat pada atom karbon. Titik didih etanol adalah 78,5oC dan memiliki berat jenis 0,789 g/ml pada 20oC. Etanol bersifat polar yang dapat dicampur dengan air dan pelarut organik lainnya. Pelarut etanol cair yang digunakan dalam pembuatan eksrak vanilli mampu mengekstrak senyawa aromatik yang terdapat dalam buah vanilli.<br />Ekstraksi dapat dilakukan dengan metode maserasi, yaitu merendam buah vanilli dalam larutan alkohol dan air. Campuran disimpan beberapa bulan untuk menghasilkan cairan coklat jernih dengan flavor vanilli yang kuat. Pemanasan campuran dapat mempercepat proses, tetapi dapat menyebabkan hilangnya komponen flavor volatil. Beberapa industri merekomendasikan proses ekstraksi dingin yang lebih lambat menggunakan resirkulasi pelarut (perkolasi) di atas buah untuk meminimalkan kehilangan komponen volatil.<br />Cowley (1973) menyatakan bahwa perkolasi vanilli dapat dilakukan dengan cara pemotongan polong vanilli kering, pencampuran gula untuk meningkatkan viskositas, membantu memperkuat dan menahan senyawa aromatik, meningkatkan warna serta memperpanjang umur simpan. Perkolasi (sirkulasi) dilakukan menggunakan campuran etanol dan air selama 3 sampai 4 minggu. Kemudian dilakukan aging, sentrifugasi dan filtrasi hingga diperoleh ekstrak vanilli.<br />Karena permintaan terhadap produk-produk alami terus meningkat setiap tahunnya, maka saat ini sudah dikembangkan metode ekstraksi vanilli melalui proses biologis menggunakan mikroorganisme atau isolat enzim. Penggunaan enzim komersial dalam ekstraksi vanilli mampu meningkatkan rendemen serta mempercepat reaksi pembetukan vanillin. Enzim komersial yang digunakan dalam ekstraksi buah vanili segar pada umumnya merupakan enzim-enzim hidrolase. Hal ini berdasarkan kenyataan bahwa pada tahap awal kuring, diperkirakan mulai terjadi reaksi enzimatik yang berhubungan dengan degradasi dinding sel buah (terutama terdiri dari polisakarida, protein serta lignin) dan kemudian terjadi transformasi prekursor vanilin menjadi vanilin oleh enzim hidrolitik. Biopolimer tersebut bergabung bersama-sama dengan sejumlah kecil komponen lainnya seperti kelompok asetil dan senyawa fenolik. Adapun polisakarida utama penyusun dinding sel buah antara lain selulosa, hemiselulosa dan pektin (Aman dan Westerlund 1996).<br />Enzim β-glukosidase merupakan enzim hidrolitik yang dapat memecah glukovanilin menjadi vanillin. Enzim ini adalah enzim selulase yang memiliki aktivitas menghidrolisis dimer glukosa dan dalam beberapa kasus mengubah selooligosakarida menjadi glukosa. Enzim ini dapat menghidrolisis selobiosa dan selodekstrin (Howard, et al, 2003). Penambahan aktivitas enzim b-glukosidase ke dalam homogenat vanilli diduga dapat mempercepat terjadinya hidrolisis senyawa glikosida. Hal ini disebabkan karena terbatasnya kemampuan vanilli endogenous, yaitu bersifat kurang tahan panas, ph optimum yang tinggi dan terhambat oleh adanya glukosa.<br />Cara lain yang dapat digunakan untuk mengekstrak flavor vanilli adalah dengan menggunakan metode distilasi, yaitu penyulingan berdasarkan perbedaan kecepatan atau kemudahan menguap (volatilitas) bahan. Dalam penyulingan, campuran zat dididihkan sehingga menguap, dan uap ini kemudian didinginkan kembali ke dalam bentuk cairan. Zat yang memiliki titik didih lebih rendah akan menguap lebih dulu. Distilasi adalah suatu cara pemisahan larutan dengan menggunakan panas sebagai pemisah atau “separating agent”. Jika larutan yang terdiri dari dua buah komponen yang cukup mudah menguap, misalnya larutan benzene-toluena, larutan n-Heptan dan n-Heksan dan larutan lain yang sejenis dididihkan, maka fase uap yang terbentuk akan mengandung komponen yang lebih menguap dalam jumlah yang relatif lebih banyak dibadingkan dengan fase cair. Jadi ada perbedaan komposisi antara fase cair dan fase uap, dan hal ini merupakan syarat utama supaya pemisahan dengan distilasi dapat dilakukan. Kalau komposisi fase uap sama dengan komposisi fase cair, maka pemisahan dengan jalan distilasi tidak dapat dilakukan. (Wiwit Amrinola, STP., M.Si)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://foodtech.binus.ac.id/2015/01/05/ekstraksi-flavor-vanilla/" style="color: #7d181e; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">sumber</a></div>
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-64950678359578079162017-03-07T15:57:00.001+07:002017-03-07T15:57:47.203+07:00Perusahaan flavor 10 besar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>2011 - 2015 Flavor & Fragrance Industry Leaders</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>2011 - 2015 Estimated Sales in Millions</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>(Final Estimate as of October 6, 2016)</b></span><br />
<span></span><br />
<table border="1" x=""><colgroup><col class="xl25" style="width: 26pt;" width="35"></col><col class="xl24" style="width: 82pt;" width="109"></col><col class="xl26" span="2" style="width: 51pt;" width="68"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 44pt;" width="59"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 53pt;" width="70"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 53pt;" width="71"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 47pt;" width="62"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 54pt;" width="72"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 55pt;" width="73"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 47pt;" width="63"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 64pt;" width="85"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 50pt;" width="66"></col><col class="xl26" style="width: 47pt;" width="63"></col><col class="xl24" style="width: 103pt;" width="137"></col><col class="xl24" span="2" style="width: 48pt;" width="64"></col><col class="xl24" style="width: 64pt;" width="85"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr><td class="xl27" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt; width: 26pt;" width="35"><span>..</span></td><td class="xl28" height="34" style="width: 82pt;" width="69"><span>Company</span></td><td height="34"><span>2011</span></td><td height="34"><span>2011</span></td><td height="34"><span>Est. 2011</span></td><td height="34"><span>2012</span></td><td height="34" width="65"><span>2012</span></td><td height="34"><span>Est.</span> <span>2012</span></td><td height="34"><span>2013</span></td><td height="34" width="64"><span>2013</span></td><td height="34"><span>Est.</span> <span>2013</span></td><td height="34"><span>2014</span></td><td height="34"><span>2014</span></td><td height="34" width="58"><span>Est.</span> <span>2014</span></td><td height="34"><span>2015</span></td><td height="34"><span>2015</span></td><td height="34"><span>Est.</span> <span>2015</span></td><td height="34"><span style="color: white;">..</span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="xl34" height="36" style="height: 27pt; width: 26pt;" width="35"><span>Rank</span></td><td class="xl35" height="36" style="width: 82pt;" width="69"><span style="color: white;">..</span></td><td height="36"><span>Country</span><br /><span>Currency</span></td><td height="36"><span>=US $</span></td><td height="36"><span>Market Share<sup>1</sup></span></td><td height="36"><span>Country</span><br /><span>Currency</span></td><td height="36" width="65"><span>=US $</span></td><td height="36"><span>Market Share<sup>1</sup></span></td><td height="36"><span>Country</span><br /><span>Currency</span></td><td height="36" width="64"><span>=US $</span></td><td height="36"><span>Market Share<sup>1</sup></span></td><td height="36"><span>Country</span><br /><span>Currency</span></td><td height="36"><span>=US $</span></td><td height="36" width="58"><span>Market Share<sup>1</sup></span></td><td height="36"><span>Country</span><br /><span>Currency</span></td><td height="36"><span>=US $</span></td><td height="36"><span>Market Share<sup>1</sup></span></td><td height="36"><span>Source</span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="xl37" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt; width: 26pt;" width="35" x="">1</td><td class="xl38" height="17" style="width: 82pt;" width="69"><span>Givaudan</span></td><td height="17"><span>3,915 CHF</span></td><td height="17"><span>$4433.4</span></td><td height="17"><span>20.3%</span></td><td height="17"><span>4,257 CHF</span></td><td height="17" width="65"><span>$4541.8</span></td><td height="17"><span>19.8%</span></td><td height="17"><span>4,369 CHF</span></td><td height="17" width="64"><span>$4715.9</span></td><td height="17"><span>19.7%</span></td><td height="17"><span>4404 CHF</span></td><td height="17"><span>$4818.5</span></td><td height="17" width="58"><span>19.4%</span></td><td height="17"><span>4396 CHF</span></td><td height="17"><span>$4575.5</span></td><td height="17"><span>19.0%</span></td><td height="17"><a href="http://www.givaudan.com/" target="_blank"><span>Givaudan</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td width="35">2<span><sup>(3)</sup></span></td><td width="69"><span>Firmenich</span></td><td><span>2,636.00 CHF</span></td><td><span>$2,985.0</span></td><td><span>13.7%</span></td><td><span>2,890 CHF</span></td><td width="65"><span>$3083.3</span></td><td><span>13.5%</span></td><td><span>2,952 CHF</span></td><td width="64"><span>$3186.4</span></td><td><span>13.3%</span></td><td><span>3008.0 CHF</span></td><td><span>$3291.1</span></td><td width="58"><span>13.2%</span></td><td><span>3200.0 CHF (est)</span></td><td><span>$3330. 7</span></td><td><span>13.8%</span></td><td><a href="http://www.firmenich.com/" target="_blank"><span>Firmenich</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="xl37" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt; width: 26pt;" width="35" x="">3</td><td class="xl38" height="17" style="width: 82pt;" width="69"><span>IFF</span></td><td height="17"><span>$2,788.0</span></td><td height="17"><span>$2,788.0</span></td><td height="17"><span>12.8%</span></td><td height="17"><span>$2821.4</span></td><td height="17" width="65"><span>$2821.4</span></td><td height="17"><span>12.3%</span></td><td height="17"><span>$2952.9</span></td><td height="17" width="64"><span>$2952.9</span></td><td height="17"><span>12.4%</span></td><td height="17"><span>$3088.5</span></td><td height="17"><span>$3088.5</span></td><td height="17" width="58"><span>12.4%</span></td><td height="17"><span>$3023.2</span></td><td height="17"><span>$3023.2</span></td><td height="17"><span>12.5%</span></td><td height="17"><a href="http://www.iff.com/"><span>IFF</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="xl37" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt; width: 26pt;" width="35" x="">4</td><td class="xl38" height="17" style="width: 82pt;" width="69"><span>Symrise</span></td><td height="17"><span>1583.6 €</span></td><td height="17"><span>$2205.5</span></td><td height="17"><span>10.1%</span></td><td height="17"><span>1734.9 €</span></td><td height="17" width="65"><span>$2230.6</span></td><td height="17"><span>9.7%</span></td><td height="17"><span>1830.4 €</span></td><td height="17" width="64"><span>$2431.6</span></td><td height="17"><span>10.2%</span></td><td height="17"><span>2120.1 €</span></td><td height="17"><span>$2818.0</span></td><td height="17" width="58"><span>11.3%</span></td><td height="17"><span>2601.7 €</span></td><td height="17"><span>$2887.2</span></td><td height="17"><span>12.0%</span></td><td height="17"><a href="http://www.symrise.com/" target="_blank"><span>Symrise</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td width="35">5<span><sup>(4)</sup></span></td><td width="69"><span>Takasago</span></td><td><span>¥113,676</span></td><td><span>$1425.4</span></td><td><span>6.5%</span></td><td><span>¥118,973</span></td><td width="65"><span>$1491.1</span></td><td><span>6.5%</span></td><td><span>¥131,036</span></td><td width="64"><span>$1345.0</span></td><td><span>5.6%</span></td><td><span>¥131,653</span></td><td><span>$1247.1</span></td><td width="58"><span>5.0%</span></td><td><span>¥141,660</span></td><td><span>$1170.5</span></td><td><span>4.9%</span></td><td><a href="http://www.takasago.com/en/index.html" target="_blank"><span>Takasago</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td width="35">6</td><td width="69"><span>Mane SA</span></td><td><span>530.1 €</span></td><td><span>$738.3</span></td><td><span>3.4%</span></td><td><span>638.4 €</span></td><td width="65"><span>$820.8</span></td><td><span>3.6%</span></td><td><span>723.2 €</span></td><td width="64"><span>$960.7</span></td><td><span>4.0%</span></td><td><span>769 €</span></td><td><span>$1022.1</span></td><td width="58"><span>4.1%</span></td><td><span>947.6 €</span></td><td><span>$1051.6</span></td><td><span>4.4%</span></td><td><a href="http://www.mane.com/" target="_blank"><span>Mane SA</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td width="35">7</td><td width="69"><span>Frutarom</span></td><td><span>$518.4</span></td><td><span>$518.4</span></td><td><span>2.4%</span></td><td><span>$618</span></td><td width="65"><span>$618</span></td><td><span>2.7%</span></td><td><span>$673.7</span></td><td width="64"><span>$673.7</span></td><td><span>2.8%</span></td><td><span>$819.5</span></td><td><span>$819.5</span></td><td width="58"><span>3.3%</span></td><td><span>$872.8</span></td><td><span>$872.8</span></td><td><span>3.6%</span></td><td><a href="http://www.frutarom.com/" target="_blank"><span>Frutarom</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td width="35">8 <span><sup>(6,7)</sup></span></td><td width="69"><span>Sensient Flavors</span></td><td><span>~$619.7**</span></td><td><span>~$619.7**</span></td><td><span>~2.8%</span></td><td><span>~$621.5**</span></td><td width="65"><span>$715.2**</span></td><td><span>3.1%</span></td><td><span>$736.1**</span></td><td width="64"><span>$736.1**</span></td><td><span>3.1%</span></td><td><span>$724.7**</span></td><td><span>$724.7**</span></td><td width="58"><span>2.9%</span></td><td><span>$667.9**</span></td><td><span>$667.9**</span></td><td><span>2.8%</span></td><td><a href="http://www.sensient-tech.com/" target="_blank"><span>Sensient Technologies</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td width="35">9</td><td width="69"><span>Robertet SA</span></td><td><span>373.28 €</span></td><td><span>$483.7</span></td><td><span>2.2%</span></td><td><span>395.6 €</span></td><td width="65"><span>$508.6</span></td><td><span>2.2%</span></td><td><span>389.5€</span></td><td width="64"><span>$517.4</span></td><td><span>2.2%</span></td><td><span>390.1€</span></td><td><span>$518.4</span></td><td width="58"><span>2.1%</span></td><td><span>435.3€</span></td><td><span>$483.1</span></td><td><span>2.0%</span></td><td><a href="http://www.robertet.com/" target="_blank"><span>Robertet</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td width="35">10 <span><sup>(4)</sup></span></td><td width="69"><span>Huabao Intl.</span></td><td><span>3,058.2 HKD*</span></td><td><span>$392.9</span></td><td><span>1.8%</span></td><td><span>3,162.8 HKD*</span></td><td width="65"><span>$407.7</span></td><td><span>1.8%</span></td><td><span>3,167.6 HKD*</span></td><td width="64"><span>$408.4</span></td><td><span>1.7%</span></td><td><span>3,294.1 HKD*</span></td><td><span>$424.5</span></td><td width="58"><span>1.7%</span></td><td><span>3,155.2 HKD*</span></td><td><span>$407.0</span></td><td><span>1.7%</span></td><td><a href="http://www.hbglobal.com/en/" target="_blank"><span>Huabao Intl.</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td width="35">11 <span><sup>(5)</sup></span></td><td width="69"><span>T. Hasegawa</span></td><td><span>¥44,246</span></td><td><span>$545.8</span></td><td><span>2.5%</span></td><td><span>¥44,386</span></td><td width="65"><span>$556.3</span></td><td><span>2.4%</span></td><td><span>¥45,104</span></td><td width="64"><span>$462.9</span></td><td><span>1.9%</span></td><td><span>¥44,917</span></td><td><span>$425.5</span></td><td width="58"><span>1.7%</span></td><td><span>¥47,288</span></td><td><span>$390.2</span></td><td><span>1.6%</span></td><td><a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/index.html" target="_blank"><span>T.Hasegawa</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="xl52" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt; width: 26pt;" width="35"><span>...</span></td><td class="xl53" height="17" style="width: 82pt;" width="69"><span><b>Top 11 Totals</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span><b>$17,136.1</b></span></td><td height="17"><span><b>78.6%</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17" width="65"><span><b>$17,794.8</b></span></td><td height="17"><span><b>77.7%</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17" width="64"><span><b>$18,391.0</b></span></td><td height="17"><span><b>76.9%</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span><b>$19,189.6</b></span></td><td height="17" width="58"><span><b>77.1%</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span><b>$18,859.7</b></span></td><td height="17"><span><b>78.3%</b></span></td><td height="17"><span style="color: white;">..</span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="xl37" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt; width: 26pt;" width="35"></td><td class="xl53" height="17" style="width: 82pt;" width="69"><span><b>All Others</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span><b>$4,663.9</b></span></td><td height="17"><span><b>21.4%</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17" width="65"><span><b>$5,105.2</b></span></td><td height="17"><span><b>22.3%</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17" width="64"><span><b>$5,517.0</b></span></td><td height="17"><span><b>23.1%</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span><b>$5,700.4</b></span></td><td height="17" width="58"><span><b>22.9%</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span><b>$5,240.3</b></span></td><td height="17"><span><b>21.7%</b></span></td><td height="17"><span style="color: white;">..</span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="xl37" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt; width: 26pt;" width="35"></td><td class="xl53" height="17" style="width: 82pt;" width="69"><span><b>Total Market</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span><b>$21,800</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17" width="65"><span><b>$22,900</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17" width="64"><span><b>$23,908</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span><b>$24,890</b></span></td><td height="17" width="58"></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span><b>$24,100</b></span></td><td height="17"></td><td height="17"><span style="color: white;">..</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</center>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span>NOTICE: Historically all foreign currency calculations for the tables were based on </span><a href="http://www.xe.net/ict/"><span>December 31 rates</span></a><span> for the year indicated. For some years this distorted the the actual performance in US dollars as we have seen significant currency swings within a given year. This was particularly prevalent in 2014, where a EUR/USD swing of nearly 13% and a CHF/USD swing of ~12% occured between July 1 and December 31 2014. Accordingly, after discussions with various industry financial experts, we are now using the "yearly average" exchange rates (which more closely approximates that normally used in the companies). All years in the table for 2010-2014 and 2011-2015 have now been restated using the FOREX yearly average rates as shown in the table below. Prior tables available have not been restated.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<center style="background-color: white;">
<a href="http://www.usforex.com/forex-tools/historical-rate-tools/yearly-average-rates" target="_blank"><b>FOREX Yearly Average Rates</b></a><span><b><br /><table border="1" style="width: 50%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><span><b>Currency</b></span></td><td><span><b>2011</b></span></td><td><span><b>2012</b></span></td><td><span><b>2013</b></span></td><td><span><b>2014</b></span></td><td><span><b>2015</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span><b>EUR/USD</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.392705</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.285697</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.328464</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.329165</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.109729</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span><b>CHF/USD</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.13241</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.066891</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.079397</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.094111</b></span></td><td><span><b>1.040833</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span><b>JPY/USD</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.012539</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.012533</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.010264</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.009473</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.008263</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span><b>HKD/USD</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.128463</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.128915</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.128921</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.128955</b></span></td><td><span><b>0.12899</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b></span></center>
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<span>Overall we estimate that the total market declined about 3.2%+ in US $ from 2014.</span></div>
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<span>For 2015, Symrise estimated the total F&F market at approximately 22.3 billion euros = ~ U.S. $24.7 billion. They estimated Market shares as: Givaudan (18%), Firmenich (12%), Symrise (12%) and IFF (12%).</span></div>
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<span>For 2014, Symrise estimated the total F&F market at approximately 20.5 billion euros = ~ U.S. $27.5 billion. They estimated Market shares as: Givaudan (18%), Firmenich (12%), Symrise (12%) and IFF (11%). For 2013, Symrise estimated the total F&F market at approximately 17.4 billion euros = ~ U.S. $24 billion. They estimated Market shares as: Givaudan (20%), Firmenich (14%), IFF (13%) and Symrise (11%).</span></div>
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<span>In 2014, ADM acquired Wild Flavors and began integrating it with other divisions in ADM including specialty proteins (including isolated soy proteins, textured vegetable protein, soy protein concentrates, and soy flour & grits), emulsifiers, edible beans, natural health and nutrition (natural-source vitamin E, plant sterols, soy isoflavones and Omega-3 DHA), soluble fiber, polyols, hydrocolloids and other specialty ingredients. The integrated group reports sales in 2015 of $2,047 million compared to $1,368 million in 2014. A significant part of the sales increase (possibly $600+ million?) was due to non-flavor ingredients sales, and the Flavor sales portion is not reported.. Therefor, like Kerry, it is impossile to accurately estimate the flavor sales (for lack of reporting detail).</span></div>
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<span>For 2014 we estimated that Wild flavors grew at a rate of 4.4% to 934</span><span> </span><span>€ </span><span>=</span><span> ~$1241 million (although ADM in several mid-2014 press releases stated that the Wild sales revenue would be about 1 billion euros for 2014).</span></div>
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<span>It should be noted that Kerry Ingredients & Flavors should be in the Top Ten. However, the inclusion of so many other non-flavor ingredients in their sales numbers makes it impossible to truly estimate the F&F portion of sales. In March 2015, Frutarom estimated Kerry's flavor sales to be a little greater than US $900 million - see </span><a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NTczMjYyfENoaWxkSUQ9Mjc1NjI5fFR5cGU9MQ==&t=1"><span>Frutarom Company Presentation March 2015</span></a><span>.</span></div>
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<span>*In 2013 we began including Huabao International in our tabulalations. Our reported 2013-2014 sales is only for flavors & fragrance segments and excludes 1,069,831 Hong Kong dollars = $137,971.2 million in other sales. Similarly, for 2014-2015 sales of F&F sectors (only) was 3,380.9 million HKD (slightly higher than our earlier estimate of 3,310 million HKD).</span></div>
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<span>Although not appearing in our tabulation, Ogawa </span><a href="http://www.ogawa.net/english/profile/index.html" target="_blank"><span>reported</span></a><span> 2015 sales of 23,679 million yen = US $195.7 million (year ending December 2015).</span></div>
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<span>Sales results for 1999 to 2002 are available </span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/top_10_2.htm" target="_blank"><span>HERE</span></a><span> and for 2002 to 2006 click </span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/top_10_2006.htm" target="_blank"><span>HERE</span></a><span>. This tables include Quest International in the Top 10 for years 1999-2006. For 2007 to 2011 click </span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/top_10_2011.htm" target="_blank"><span>HERE</span></a><span>. For 2009-2013 click </span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/top_10_2013.htm" target="_blank"><span>HERE</span></a><span>. </span><span>Please note that the exchange rates for all these earlier year tables were based on </span><a href="http://www.xe.net/ict/"><span>December 31 rates</span></a><span> and thus vary somewhat from the current 2011-2015 table.</span></div>
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<sup>(1)</sup> Market Share is based on U.S. dollar values<span><b><br /></b></span><sup>(3) </sup>Accounting Period of July 1 to June 30<span><b><br /></b></span><sup>(4) </sup>Accounting Period of April 1 to March 31<span><b><br /></b></span><sup>(5)</sup>Accounting Period of Oct. 1 to Sept, 30; Net sales given are Company consolidated sales, See <a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/index.html" target="_blank">T.Hasegawa Co., Ltd.</a><span><b><br /></b></span><sup>(6) </sup>Accounting Period of Sept. 1 to August 31 until year 2000. In year 2000, Universal Foods changed is name to SENSIENT TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION and the Flavor division is now known as Sensient Flavors. In addition, the accounting period was changed to January 1 - December 31 starting in year 2000 and in the "funny" way of making one look larger than they really are in F&F, Sensient's Flavor sales from 2000-2012 included "Dehydrated Products" (onion/garlic/chilies/dehydrated vegetables) <u>which are not flavors or fragrances in the conventional sense</u>. In our figures for Sensient, we have removed sales for the "Dehydrated Products" (<b>now referred to as "Natural Ingredients"</b>) for 2000-2013.<span><b><br /></b></span><sup>(7) </sup><b>** See also Note (6). F&F figures in the tables for 2000-2013 for Sensient Flavors &Fragrances </b><span><b><u>are estimates </u></b></span><b>as <u>we have removed reported sales of "Dehydrated products"</u> . In 2006, dehydrated products were 27% of the reported F&F sales, in 2007 & 2008 also about 27% of sales. In 2009 & 2010 we estimate that dehydrated products were about 29% and 28% of sales, respectively. In 2011, 28% of F&F sales were dehydrated products. In 2012, 29% of F&F sales were dehydrated products. For 2013, 27% of sales were "Dehydrated Products" </b>(<b>now referred to as "Natural Ingredients"</b>); but in 2014, Sensient restated sales of "Traditional Flavors & Fragrances" and "Natural Ingredients" as separate categories for 2012, 2013 and 2014 - and comparison of our previously reported figures indicates that some of the so-called dehydrated products possibly should have beed included in our sales. Although Sensient's breakout has always been somewhat obscur, we presume that they are now reporting in a manner more consistent with the industry. Our table has used their restated numbers for 2012 & 2013.<span><b><br /></b></span><b>Note</b> - for companies with accounting periods that overlap calendar years, sales are stated for the year in which the majority of sales periods occur. For example, if Takasago's year end is March 31, 2014 we treat that as year 2013 sales. Similarly, if Firmenich's year end is June 30, 2015 we report the year ending as 2014 sales. While not exact, we feel that this treatment still provides an accurate overall basis for comparison. Similarly, as noted, currency calculations are based on average calendar year exchange rates for comparison consistency. <span><b><br /></b></span>Note - Top 11 Total for market share does not neccessarily add due to rounding for individual companies.<span><b><br /></b></span><b>Note </b>- all foreign currency calculations for the table are based on <a href="http://www.usforex.com/forex-tools/historical-rate-tools/yearly-average-rates" target="_blank">FOREX Yearly Average Rate<span>s</span></a> for the year indicated<span><b><br /></b></span><b>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b></div>
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<a href="http://www.firmenich.com/en_INT/company/news/Firmenich-Annual-Results-Sustainability-Report-2016.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Firmenich Full Year 2015-2016 Sales</span></a> - Geneva, Switzerland, October 5th, 2016 – Firmenich posted solid results in its Fiscal Year 2016, which ended June 30th 2016. The Group achieved CHF 3.2 billion in net sales, growing +8.2% in local currency and +6.3% in Swiss Francs.</div>
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<a href="http://huabao.todayir.com/attachment/2016062220320100002544192_en.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Huaboa Intl. Full Year 2015-2016 Sales</span></a> - June 22, 2016 - Huaboa International total sales for the year ending March 31, 2016 was 3,928.2 million Hong Kong dollars (-9.2%) of which ~80.3% was from the flavors & fragrance related segments. The F&F related segment sales decreased ~4.2% to 3,155.2 million HKD = ~U.S. 407.0 million. Huaboa slightly restated the F&F sales segments for 2014-2015 to reflect the inclusion of the sale of aroma raw materials products.</div>
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<a href="http://www.takasago.com/en/ir/highlight.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago Full Year 2015-2016 Sales</span></a> - May 13, 2015 - Takasago sales increased 7.6% to ¥ 141,660 million from ¥ 131,653 in the prior year ending March 31. Net income increased 91.4% to ¥ 4,880 million from ¥ 2,549 million.</div>
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<a href="http://ir.frutarom.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=185607&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2149132" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Frutarom Full Year 2015 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Haifa, Israel – March 17, 2016 - Frutarom's sales in 2015 as reported in US dollars grew 6.5% to reach a record US$ 872.8 million, reflecting constant-currency growth over the previous year of 4.9% on a pro-forma basis. Sales for the Flavors activity in 2015 as reported in US dollars rose 3.0% to reach a record US$ 607.5 million compared with US$ 589.8 million the previous year, reflecting constant-currency growth on a pro-forma basis of 5.3% from the parallel period. Currency effects reduced sales on a pro-forma basis by 14.3%. Sales for the Specialty Fine Ingredients activity in 2015 as reported in US dollars rose 16.8% to reach US$ 184.9 million compared with US$ 158.4 million the previous year, reflecting constant-currency growth on a pro-forma basis of 1.5% from the parallel period. Currency effects reduced sales on a pro-forma basis by 6.0%. Reported net income for 2015 rose 9.7% and reached a record US$ 96.1 million.</div>
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<a href="https://www.symrise.com/newsroom/article/symrise-generates-substantial-gains-in-sales-and-earnings-in-2015/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Symrise Full Year 2015 Sales</span></a> - March 8, 2016 - Symrise 2015 sales increased to € 2,601.7 million (2014: € 2,120.1 million). This represents growth of 23 % in reporting currency and 18 % at local currency. The Diana Group, which was acquired in mid-2014 and is now fully integrated, contributed sales of € 524.8 million (2014: € 233.9 million). Excluding the contribution of Diana, Symrise also generated strong sales growth with 10 % in reporting currency and 6 % at local currency. Symrise increased its net income in the year under review by 17 % to € 246.8 million (2014 normalized: € 211.6 million). The Scent & Care segment achieved sales of € 1,073.7 million in 2015 (2014: € 980.4 million). This represents an increase of 10 % (4 % at local currency). All business divisions contributed to growth, in particular Aroma Molecules and Cosmetic Ingredients. Symrise benefited above all from strong demand for menthol and cosmetic active ingredients. Flavor & Nutrition experienced a substantial 34 % increase in sales (31 % at local currency) and benefited in particular from strong demand for beverages and savory applications. Diana Group also achieved strong growth, especially with pet food and aquaculture applications. Excluding Diana, sales increased by 11 % (8 % at local currency). In January 2016 Symrise expanded its fragrance activities with the acquisition of US-based <a href="http://www.pinovasolutions.com/" target="_blank">Pinova</a> Holdings, Inc. (including <a href="http://www.renessenz.com/" target="_blank">Renessenz</a>). This has given the company access to additional natural ingredients which are used in perfume compositions. Moreover, Symrise has expanded its forward integration in menthol to include cooling substances for oral care.</div>
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<a href="http://www.robertet.com/informations_financieres/information_financiere_reglementee.php?ID=ACTUS-0-43338&CLIENT=ACTUS-0-192" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Robertet Full Year 2015 Sales</span></a> - March 7, 2016 - Robertet has reported that its net consolidated sales in 2015 totaled EUR 435 million, up 11.6% compared to 2014. At constant rates and structure, turnover was up 7.5%. Turnover achieved was 85% abroad and all geographies are growing. Europe posted strong growth thanks to the good performance of the Commodities Division and Latin America thanks to the recovery of Brazil. The unaudited consolidated net profit should be around 36 million euros, an increase of 22%, higher than expected. Final results will be published no later than 30 April 2016.</div>
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<a href="http://www.mane.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mane</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> - Full Year 2015 Sales increase </span>- March 1, 2016 - Mane achieved sales<span> </span>of<span> </span>€<span> </span>947.6 million (+23.1%) vs €<span> </span>769 million in 2014 (personal communication). Sales growth was +15.0% in local currencies.</div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<a href="https://www.givaudan.com/file/51981/download?token=uDZpOOLD" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Givaudan Full Year 2015 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Geneva, 2 February 2016 - Givaudan Group full year sales were CHF 4,396 million, an increase of 2.7% on a like-for-like basis and a decline of 0.2% in Swiss francs when compared to 2014. Fragrance Division sales were CHF 2,096 million, an increase of 1.9% on a like-for-like basis and a decline of 0.6% in Swiss francs. Flavour Division sales were CHF 2,300 million, an increase of 3.5% on a like-for-like basis and 0.2% in Swiss francs. Net income increased to CHF 635 million in 2015 from CHF 563 million in 2014, an increase of 12.7%. This results in a net profit margin of 14.4%, versus 12.8% in 2014.</div>
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<a href="http://investor.sensient.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=124439&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2135994" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sensient F&F Full Year 2015 Sales</span></a> <span style="font-family: Arial;">-</span> Milwaukee, Feb. 04, 2016 - The Flavors & Fragrances Group reported revenue of $819.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of 3.8% from $851.5 million reported in 2014. Operating income increased approximately 1%, to $121.9 million in 2015, from $120.9 million in 2014. The Flavors & Fragrances Group reported fourth quarter revenue of $201.0 million, a decrease of 1% from $203.1 million reported in last year’s fourth quarter. Operating income increased 6.3% to $27.5 million compared to $25.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2014. The above figures includes items not normally considered Flavors & Fragrances - mainly natural ingredients such as dehydrated vegetables. Excluding these items, sales of traditional Flavors & Fragrances in 2015 were $667.9 million vs $715.8 million in 2014 as restated (-6.7%).</div>
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<a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=65743&p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=2137367" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">IFF Full Year 2015 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- February 10, 2016 - IFF's net sales for 2015 were $3,023.2 million, a decline of 2.1%. Adjusted Currency Neutral Sales increased 5%. Net income for the year declined 0.7% to $411.7 million. 4th Qtr sales declined 5.3% to $715.6 million. Full year Flavor sales declined 1% to $1,443 million. Full year Fragrance sales declined 3.1% to $1,580.2 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/en/ir/index.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">T. Hasegawa Full Year 2014-2015 Sales Results</span></a> - November 11, 2015 - for the 12 months ending September 30, 2015, T. Hasegawa's consolidated net sales were up 5.1% to ¥ 47,228 million compared to ¥ 44,917 in the prior year. Net income for the period declined 6.0% to ¥ 3,043 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.firmenich.com/uploads/files/Firmenich-sustainability_report_2015.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Firmenich 2014-2015 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Oct. 7, 2015 - For the financial year ended June 30, 2015, Firmenich posted sales of ~CHF 3,008 million, an increase of 1.9% in Swiss francs and 3% in local currencies. For the first time this year, Firmenich issued an integrated report, sharing both its Business and Sustainability Performance, as they go hand in hand, at the core of the Group’s vision and strategy.</div>
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<a href="http://huabao.todayir.com/attachment/2015062321320100002237920_en.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Huaboa Intl. Full Year 2014-2015 Sales</span></a> - June 23, 2015 - Huaboa International total sales for the year ending March 31, 2015 was 4,326.5 million Hong Kong dollars (+2.1%) of which ~78.1% was from the flavors & fragrance related segments. The F&F segments sales increase was +6.7% to 3,380.9 million HKD = ~U.S. 436 million.</div>
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<a href="http://pdf.irpocket.com/C4914/ee2V/lpwg/ceau.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago Full Year 2014-2015 Sales</span></a> - May 14, 2015 - Takasago sales increased 0.5% to ¥ 131,653 million from ¥ 131,036 in the prior year ending March 31. Net income decreased 15.7% to ¥ 2,549 million from ¥ 3,025 milllion.</div>
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<a href="http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/18/185607/EarningReleases/2014%20Q4%20Earnings%20Announcement%20ENG%20Final.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Frutarom Full Year 2014 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Haifa, Israel – March 16, 2015 - Frutarom sales for the full year 2014 increased 21.6% to U.S. $819.5 million. Net income for the year increased 37.7% to $87.6 million. Flavors and Specialty Fine Ingredients sales grew to $741.0 million (+16.9%).</div>
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<a href="http://www.symrise.com/newsroom/article/symrise-exceeds-targets-and-achieves-substantial-in-creases-in-sales-earnings-and-profitability/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Symrise Full Year 2014 Sales</span></a> - Holzminden, Germany - March 10, 2015 - In the fiscal year 2014, Symrise AG exceeded its targets and substantially expanded its market position. Group sales increased 15.8% to € 2120.1 million from € 1830.4 million in 2013. In local currencies, sales increased 18.3%. 4th Qtr performance was particularly strong, with an increase in Group sales to € 590.1 million vs. 2013 at € 429.2 million (+37.5%). Net income normalized for one-time effects was up 23 % to € 211.6 million. Full year Scent & Care sales were € 980.4 million vs. € 960.4 million in 2013 (+2.1%). Full year Flavor & Nutrition sales increased 31% to € 1139.7 million vs. € 869.9 million in 2013. This includes € 233.9 million contributed from the Diana Group acquisition since July 2014.</div>
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<a href="http://www.robertet.com/uk/informations_financieres/communiques.php?changelg=uk&ID=ACTUS-0-38971&CLIENT=ACTUS-0-193" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Robertet Full Year 2014 Sales</span></a><a href="http://www.robertet.com/uk/informations_financieres/information_financiere_reglementee.php?changelg=uk&ID=ACTUS-0-26448&CLIENT=ACTUS-0-192"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></a>- 3 March 2013 - Robertet has reported 12 month revenues of 390,055 euros (+0.2% from 2013).</div>
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<a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=65743&p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=2016075" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">IFF Full Year 2014 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- New York - February 12, 2015 - Reported net sales for the 2014 full year were $3,088.5 million, up +4.6% from 2013. For the full year, Flavor sales were up +2.4% to $1,457.1 million, while Fragrance sales increased to $1,631.5 million (+6.6%). In the 4th Qtr., IFF net sales increased +4.3% to $756.1 million vs 2013. 4th Qtr. Flavor sales were $356.3 million (+3.9%) while Fragrance sales were $399.8 million (+4.6%). IFF's 2014 net income was $414.5 million, +17.3% from 2013.</div>
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<a href="http://finance.yahoo.com/news/sensient-technologies-corporation-reports-results-202500160.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sensient F&F Full Year 2014 Sales</span></a> <span style="font-family: Arial;">-</span> Milwaukee, Feb. 5, 2015 - Sensient's Flavors & Fragrances Group reported full year revenue of $847.0 million and $876.5 million in 2014 and 2013, respectively (-3.4%). Operating income was $119.1 million for the year compared to $120.3 million last year. Foreign currency translation reduced both revenue and operating income by approximately one percent in 2014. In local currency, revenue was off about 1%, and operating income was comparable to 2013. 4th quarter revenue was $201.9 million compared to the $209.0 million in 2013 (-3.4%).</div>
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<a href="http://www.mane.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mane</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> - Full Year 2014 Sales increase </span>- February 4, 2015 - Mane achieved sales <span>of € </span>769 million in 2014, <b>up 6.4%</b> from <span>€ </span>723 million in 2013. Using the 2014 yearly average EUR/USD Forex exchange rate, 2014 sales in USD were $ 1,022 million (personal communication).</div>
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<a href="http://www.givaudan.com/media/media-releases/2015/2014-annual-results" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Givaudan Full Year 2014 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Geneva, 29 January 2015 – For the full year 2014 Givaudan recorded sales of CHF 4,404 million, an increase of 3.7% on a like-for-like basis and 0.8% in Swiss francs when compared to 2013. Net income was CHF 563 million, up 14.9% year on year. Developing markets grew 7.0%, and mature markets grew 1.1%, both on a like-for-like basis. Fragrance Division sales were CHF 2,108 million, an increase of 3.6% on a like-for-like basis and 1.2% in Swiss francs. Flavour Division sales were CHF 2,296 million, an increase of 3.7% on a like-for-like basis and 0.4% in Swiss francs.</div>
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<a href="http://www.firmenich.com/filedownload.lbl?uid=44701f05-1727-d7ac-be7c-40765c03eea3" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Firmenich 2013-2014 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Oct. 9, 2014 - For the financial year ended June 30, 2014, Firmenich posted sales of CHF 2,952 million, an increase of 2.1% in Swiss francs and 7% in local currencies. Perfumery posted robust sales growth in local currencies as the Body and Home Care segment grew across all key categories and Fine Fragrance delivered steady progression. For the second consecutive year, Flavors recorded solid sales growth, driven by strong performances in Sweet Goods and Savory and modest growth in Beverages. Ingredients sales were in positive territory this year in a context of continued market commoditization.</div>
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<a href="http://pdf.irpocket.com/C4914/YWWN/aLQo/n03C.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago Full Year 2013-2014 Sales</span></a> - May 14, 2014 - Takasago sales increased 10.1% to ¥ 131,036 million from ¥ 118,973 in the prior year ending March 31. Net income decreased to ¥ 3,025 million from ¥ 4673 milllion.</div>
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<a href="http://www.frutarom.com/FrutaromNew/Templates/showpage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=5161&FID=917" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Frutarom Full Year 2013 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Haifa, Israel – March 19, 2014 - Frutarom's revenues Grew by 9% to US $674 Million; EBITDA increased by 15.5% to US $116 Million; Net profit rose 22% to US $64 Million. 4th Qtr. revenues for 2013 rose to US $192 million reflecting 6.2% organic growth. Frutarom revenues would have reached US$ 784 million and net profit would have been $70 million, if the four acquisitions made in 2013 had been consolidated as of Jan-1-2013.</div>
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<a href="http://cr2013.symrise.com/sites/default/files/downloads/en/symrise-corporate-report-abridged.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Symrise Full Year 2013 Sales</span></a> - Holzminden, Germany - March 13, 2014 - Symrise 2013 sales increased 5.5% to <span>€ </span>1,830.4 million (+10% in local currencies). Group net income increased 9.4% to <span>€</span>172.3 million. Scent & Care 2013 sales increased 8.7% to <span>€ </span>960 million (+13% in local currencies). Flavor & Nutrition 2013 sales increased 2.1% to <span>€ </span>870 million (+7% in local currencies).</div>
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<a href="http://www.robertet.com/informations_financieres/communiques.php?ID=ACTUS-0-34977&CLIENT=ACTUS-0-193" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Robertet Full Year 2013 Sales</span></a><a href="http://www.robertet.com/uk/informations_financieres/information_financiere_reglementee.php?changelg=uk&ID=ACTUS-0-26448&CLIENT=ACTUS-0-192"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></a>- 24 February 2014 - Robertet has reported sales for 2013 of 389.489 million euros vs. 395.601 million euros in 2012 (-1.54%) . At constant exchange rates, sales were +1%.. The unaudited consolidated earnings were in line with expectations and amounted to slightly more than EUR 25 million, down about 8%. Final results will be published no later than 30 April 2014.</div>
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<a href="http://www.mane.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mane</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> - Full Year 2013 Sales increase </span>- February 19, 2014 - Mane achieved consolidated sales <span>of € </span>723.2 million in 2013, <b>up 13.3%</b> from <span>€ </span>638.4 million in 2012 (personal communication).</div>
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<a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=65743&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1899744&highlight=" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">IFF Full Year & 4th Qtr 2013 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- New York - Feb. 13, 2014 - Revenue for the full year increased 4.7% to $2,952.9 million. Local currency sales increased 5% for the full year. On a like-for-like basis (LFL), which excludes the exit of Flavors low-margin sales activities, local currency sales increased 6%. The emerging markets grew by 10% and accounted for 49% of full year sales. Full year Fragrance sales increased 6% to $1,530.2 million while Flavor sales increased 3.2% to $1,422.7 million. Fourth Qtr Sales increased 6.6 % to $725,169 million. Fourth Qtr Fragrance sales increased 7.9% to $382,216 million while Fourth Qtr Flavor sales increased 5.1% to $342,953 million. For the Full Year, net income increased 39.1% to $353,544 million.</div>
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<a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NTU5NjkxfENoaWxkSUQ9MjU4MTQyfFR5cGU9MQ==&t=1ir.net/SEC/Document.Service?id=P3VybD1hSFIwY0RvdkwyRndhUzUwWlc1cmQybDZZWEprTG1OdmJTOWtiM2R1Ykc5aFpDNXdhSEEvWVdOMGFXOXVQVkJFUmlacGNHRm5aVDA1TkRJNU9EQTFKbk4xWW5OcFpEMDFOdz09JnR5cGU9MiZmbj1TZW5zaWVudFRlY2hub2xvZ2llc0NvcnBvcmF0aW9uXzEwS18yMDE0MDIyOC5wZGY=" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sensient F&F Full Year 2013 Sales</span></a> <span style="font-family: Arial;">-</span> Milwaukee, Feb. 10, 2014 - The Flavors & Fragrances Group reported full year revenue of $881.3 million in 2013, up from $875.3 million last year. Operating income was $122.4 million in 2013 and $123.0 million in 2012. The Flavors & Fragrances Group’s operating margins were 13.9% in 2013 and 14.1% in 2012. The Flavors & Fragrances Group reported 4th quarter revenue of $210.1 million compared to the $216.9 million reported in the comparable period last year. Operating income increased 2% to $29.2 million, compared to $28.7 million in last year’s fourth quarter. Sensient includes "dehydrated vegetables" in thier Flavors & Fragrances sales numbers. In 2013 this was 27% of sales. Accordingly, 2013 sales for conventional Flavors & Fragrances were ~$643.3 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.givaudan.com/sites/givaudan.corp/files/imported/pdf/Giv_2013_FYreport_EN.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Givaudan Full Year 2013 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Geneva, 30 January 2014 – Givaudan Group full year sales were CHF 4,369 million, an increase of 5.5% on a like-for-like basis and 2.6% in Swiss francs vs. 2012. Fragrance Division sales were CHF 2,083 million, an increase of 5.1% on a like-for-like basis and 3.0% in Swiss francs. Flavour Division sales were CHF 2,286 million, an increase of 5.8% on a like-for-like basis and 2.3% in Swiss francs. Gross margin increased to 44.7% from 42.4%. Net income increased to CHF 490 million in 2013 from CHF 410 million in 2012, an increase of 19.5%.</div>
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<a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/en/ir/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">T. Hasegawa Full Year 2012-2013 Sales Results</span></a> - November 8, 2013 - for the 12 months ending September 30, 2013 T. Hasegawa's consolidated net sales were up 1.6% to ¥ 45,104 million compared to ¥ 44,386 in the prior year. Net income for the period increased 36.0% to ¥ 3,518 million.</div>
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<span> </span><a href="http://www.firmenich.com/m/company/about-us/profile/facts-figures/index.lbl" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Firmenich 2012-2013 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Oct. 10, 2013 - For the financial year ended June 30, 2013, Firmenich posted sales of CHF 2,890 million, an increase of 9.6%. Perfumery posted single-digit sales growth in local currencies. Flavors recorded high single-digit sales growth while Ingredients sales were down slightly in the fiscal year. (In our charts, 2012-2013 sales are reported as 2012 sales).</div>
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<a href="http://www.frutarom.com/FrutaromNew/Templates/showpage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=178&FID=618&PID=889&IID=2027" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Frutarom Full Year 2012 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Haifa, Israel – March 13, 2013 - Frutarom's revenues in FY 2012 totaled US$ 618 million, a 19.2% increase over 2011. Net profit increased 24% to US$ 52 million.</div>
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<a href="http://fr2012.symrise.com/?page=1" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Symrise Full Year 2012 Sales</span></a> - Holzminden, Germany - March 12, 2013 - In 2012 Symrise reported sales of <span>€</span>1,734.9 million (+9.6%) or +6 % in local currencies, while Net Income increased 7.5% to <span>€</span>157.5 million. Scent & Care reported sales of <span>€</span>883 million (+10%) or +7.0% in local currencies. Flavor & Nutrition saw sales increase by +12 % to <span>€</span>852 million (or +6% in local currencies).</div>
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<a href="http://www.robertet.com/uk/informations_financieres/communiques.php?changelg=uk" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Robertet Full Year 2012 Sales</span></a><a href="http://www.robertet.com/uk/informations_financieres/information_financiere_reglementee.php?changelg=uk&ID=ACTUS-0-26448&CLIENT=ACTUS-0-192"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></a>- 20 February 2013 - Robertet has reported sales for 2012 of 395.601 million euros, an increase of 6% over 2011. Fragrance sales increased 3.57% to 141.052 million euros. Flavour sales increased 8.85% to 154.89 million euros and Ingredient sales increased 4.97% to 96.648 million euros.</div>
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<a href="http://www.mane.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mane</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> - 2012 Sales increase of 20% </span>- February 15, 2015 - Mane achieved a consolidated turnover <span>of € </span>638.4 million in 2012, up 20.4% from <span>€ </span>530.1 million in 2011 (personal communication). Mane's 5 Year average annual sales growth has been above 15% - significantly higher than any other major F&F company.</div>
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<a href="http://pdf.irpocket.com/C4914/qzIz/uYs2/LyXO.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago 9 Month 2012-2013 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- February 14, 2013 - 9 Month sales increased 3% to ¥ 90,470 million from the prior fiscal year while net income increased 57% to ¥ 4,053 million.</div>
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<a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=65743&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1782688&highlight=" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">IFF Full Year 2012 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">- </span>New York, Feb. 8, 2013 - revenue for the full year increased 1.1% to $2,821.4 million. Local currency sales increased 4% for the full year, reflecting accelerated momentum throughout the year. On a like-for-like basis, sales increased 5%. The emerging markets accounted for 47% of full year sales. Net income for the full year totaled $254.1 million, compared with net income of $266.9 million in the prior year. The Fragrance business unit revenue for the full year of $1,443.1 million was flat compared with the prior year. Fragrance local currency sales increased 3%. Flavors business unit revenue for the full year increased 2.3% to $1,378.4 million. For the 4th Qtr, total revenue increases 5.6% to $680.6 million. 4th Qtr Fragrance revenue increase 10.1% to $354.1 million and 4th Qtr Flavors revenue increased 1.1% to $326.4 million.</div>
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<a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9MTc1OTAyfENoaWxkSUQ9LTF8VHlwZT0z&t=1" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sensient F&F Full Year 2012 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> -</span> Milwaukee, Feb. 8, 2013 - The Flavors & Fragrances Group reported record revenue of $875.3 million in 2012 (including dehydrated products), up 2.1% from $857.5 million in 2011. Operating income was $123.0 million in 2012 compared to $129.4 million in 2011. Foreign currency translation reduced revenue by approximately three percent and operating income by one percent in 2012. In the 4th Qtr, the Flavors & Fragrances Group reported revenue of $216.9 million, an increase of 5.6% over the $205.4 million reported in last year’s fourth quarter. Operating income was $28.7 million in the quarter compared to $31.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2011.</div>
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<a href="http://www.givaudan.com/sites/givaudan.corp/files/imported/pdf/Giv_2012_FYreport_EN.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Givaudan Full Year 2012 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Geneva, 5 February 2013 - For the full year, Givaudan Group sales totalled CHF 4,257 million, an increase of 6.6% in local currencies and 8.7% in Swiss francs compared to 2011. Sales of the Fragrance Division were CHF 2,021 million, an increase of 8.4% in local currencies and 10.3% in Swiss francs. Sales of the Flavour Division were CHF 2,236 million, an increase of 5.0% in local currencies and 7.4% in Swiss francs compared to 2011. Net income increased to CHF 411 million in 2012 from CHF 252 million in 2011, driven by an improved operating performance, lower financial expenses and a lower income tax rate. This represents 9.7% of sales in 2012, versus 6.4% in 2011. Basic earnings per share increased to CHF 45.15 in 2012 from CHF 27.71 in the previous year.</div>
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<a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/en/ir/pdf/FY12_Financial_Results.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">T. Hasegawa 2011-2012 Sales Results</span></a> - for the full year ending September 30, 2012 consolidated net sales were ¥44,386 million compared to ¥ 44,246 in the prior year. Net income for the period decreased 17% to ¥2,586 million.</div>
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<b>In 2011, based on comparison of major currency rates (on Dec. 31), the U$ $ had a increase of 0.48% against the Swiss Franc, a decrease of 5.18% against the Japanese Yen, a decrease of 4.72% against the Chinese Yuan and a increase of 15.76% against the Indian Rupee. The dollar gained 3.3% against the Euro and 0.55% vs the British pound. However, comparing single points in time can be somewhat misleading as during the year major currency swings occurred, particulary in the EU countries due to the continuing economic instability. For a few major companies (e.g, Mane, IFF, Sensient, Frutarom) 2011 was remarkably successful with some of the largest year-to-year gains in recent years. Overall we estimate that the total market was essentially flat with a marginal decline in US $ from 2010.</b></div>
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<a href="http://pdf.irpocket.com/C4914/oWM7/w9aV/D8xx.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago Full Year 2011-2012 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- May 14, 2012 - Takasago sales for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31,2012 were ¥113,676 million compared to ¥114,861 million in the prior fiscal year (-1.0%).</div>
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<a href="http://www.symrise.com/fileadmin/usr/files/pdf/Symrise_AR11.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Symrise Full Year 2011 Sales</span></a> - Holzminden, Germany - March 14, 2012 - In 2011 Symrise reported sales of €1,583.6 million (+0.7%) or +2 % in local currencies. Scent & Care reported sales of €801.4 million (-0.4%) or +1.0% in local currencies. Flavor & Nutrition saw sales increase by +1.9 % to €782.2 million (or +3.1% in local currencies).</div>
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<a href="http://www.frutarom.com/FrutaromNew/SendFile.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&GID=1079" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Frutarom Full Year 2011 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Haifa, Israel – March 14, 2012 - Frutarom's revenues in FY 2012 totaled US$ 518.4 million, a 14.9% increase in comparison to revenues of US$ 451.1 million in 2010.</div>
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<a href="http://www.mane.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mane</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> - 2011 Sales increase of 14.8% </span>- February 16, 2012 - Mane achieved a consolidated turnover of USD 738 million in 2011, up 14.8% from USD 643 million in 2010 (personal communication).</div>
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<a href="http://www.givaudan.com/sites/givaudan.corp/files/imported/pdf/Giv_2011_FYreport_EN.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Givaudan Full Year 2011 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Geneva, 16 February 2012 – In 2011, Givaudan Group sales totalled CHF 3,915 million, an increase of 5.2% in local currencies and a decline of 7.6% in Swiss francs compared to 2010. Sales of the Fragrance Division were CHF 1,833 million, an increase of 4.7% in local currencies and a decline of 7.8% in Swiss francs. Sales of the Flavour Division were CHF 2,082 million, an increase of 5.7% in local currencies and a decline of 7.5% in Swiss francs compared to 2010.</div>
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<a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=65743&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1658863&highlight=" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">IFF 4th Qtr & Full Year 2011 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">- </span>Feb. 9, 2012 - IFF full year 2011 sales were $2,788.0 million, a 6.3% increase over 2010. 4th Qtr. sales were $644,383 million (+2.3%). Net income for the full year increased 1.3% to $266.9 million. Operating profit decreased $25 million year-over-year to $28 million including an expense of $35 million associated with the patent litigation settlement and restructuring costs in the fourth quarter 2011. Excluding these items, operating profit increased 18 percent, or $10 million, to $63 million. Fragrance sales for the full year were $1,440.7 million (+1.5%) while 4th Qtr sales were $321.6 million (-3.0%). Flavor sales for the full year were $1,347.3 million (+12%) while 4th Qtr sales were $322.7 million (+8.2%).</div>
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<a href="http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/12/124439/Sensient_2011AnnualReport.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sensient F&F 2011 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">- </span>Milwaukee, Jan 7, 2012 - Revenue for the Flavors & Fragrances Group increased 6.4% to a record $860.7 million in 2011, compared to $809.1 million reported in 2010. Operating income for the year was $130.8 million, an increase of 7.3% over the $122.0 million reported last year. Foreign currency translation increased revenue and operating income by approximately 2% in 2011. The Flavors & Fragrances Group reported fourth quarter revenue of $206.3 million compared to the $206.1 million in the same quarter last year. Operating income for the quarter was $32.2 million, a 9.3% increase over the $29.4 million reported in the comparable period of 2010. <u>However, as these figures include dehydrated products such as dehydrated vegetables that are about 28% of sales, we estimate that the sales of conventional flavors & fragrances in 2011 were about $619.7 million.</u></div>
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<a href="http://www.robertet.com/uk/informations_financieres/information_financiere_reglementee.php?changelg=uk&ID=ACTUS-0-26448&CLIENT=ACTUS-0-192" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Robertet Full Year 2011 Sales</span></a><a href="http://www.robertet.com/uk/informations_financieres/information_financiere_reglementee.php?changelg=uk&ID=ACTUS-0-26448&CLIENT=ACTUS-0-192"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></a>- 20 January 2012 - Robertet has reported sales for 2011 of 373.282 million euros, an increase of 3.05% over 2010. Fragrance sales increased 4.26% to 136.194 million euros. Flavour sales declined 0.87% to 142.291 million euros and Ingredient sales increased 7.27% to 92.075 million euros.</div>
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<a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/japanese/03ir/pdf/4958_11ay2_e.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">T. Hasegawa 2010-2011 Sales Results</span></a> - for the full year ending September 30, 2011 consolidated net sales were ¥44,246 million (-2.0% from 2010). Net income increased 9.7% to ¥3,115 million</div>
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<b>In 2010, based on comparison of major currency rates (on Dec. 31), the U$ $ had a decline of 10.8% against the Swiss Franc, a decrease of 14.8% against the Japanese Yen, a decrease of 3.6% against the Chinese Yuan and a decrease of 3.8% angainst the Indian Rupee. Conversely the dollar gained 6.8% against the Euro and 3.5% vs the British pound. However, comparing single points in time can be somewhat misleading as during the year major currency swings occurred, particulary in the EU countries due to economic instability. For most major companies, 2010 was remarkably successful with some of the largest year-to-year gains in recent years. We estimate that the total market grew ~9-10% in US $ from 2009. This growth was mainly fueled by emerging markets such as China, India and Brazil. For the numerous small flavor & fragrance companies in 2010, which continue to lose market share, we estimate an overall sales decline in US $ of about 2%.</b></div>
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<a href="http://www.firmenich.com/filedownload.lbl?uid=7e9da32c-e14e-6929-ab89-b37c63ff1c3a" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Firmenich 2010-2011 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Oct. 12, 2011 - For the financial year ended June 30, 2011, Firmenich posted sales of CHF 2,781.6 million, a decline of 3.9% in Swiss Francs but an increase of 5.8% in local currencies. Perfumery posted robust single-digit sales increases in local currencies. Flavor sales posted high single-digit local currency growth with increases across all segments. Ingredients sales posted a healthy single-digit sales increase in local currencies.</div>
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<a href="http://www.frutarom.com/FrutaromNew/SendFile.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&GID=1001" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Frutarom Full Year 2010 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Haifa, Israel – March 24, 2011 - Frutarom's revenues in FY 2010 totaled US$ 451.1 million, an 8% increase in comparison to revenues of US$ 425.2 million in 2009 in local currency terms. The strengthening of the US dollar against European currencies offset 1.9% of the increase in Frutarom's sales. In terms of US dollars, the sales increased by 6.1% compared to 2009.</div>
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<a href="http://www.symrise.com/en/news-media/press-releases/2011/detail/article/2010-annual-results-symrise-beats-2010-sales-and-earnings-goals.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Symrise Full Year 2010 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Holzminden, March 9, 2011 - Symrise increased sales in 2010 by 15.4 % to € 1.571.9 million (+11% in local currency) and exceeded its target to achieve sales growth of at least 8 %. Scent & Care sales increased 17.9% to € 804.5 million while Flavor & Nutrition sales increased 12.9% to € 804.5 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.mane.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mane</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> - 2010 Sales increase of 27.6% </span>- February 15, 2011 - Mane achieved a consolidated turnover of 480.1 million euros in 2010, up 26.7% from 376.2 million euros in 2009 (personal communication).</div>
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<a href="http://ir.iff.biz/phoenix.zhtml?c=65743&p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=1527311" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">IFF 4th Qtr & Full Year 2010 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">- </span>Feb. 10, 2011 - IFF full year 2010 sales were $2,622.9 million, an increase of ~13% in reported sales as well as local currencies. For the 4th Qtr 2010, sales were $629.9 million, an increase of 7.6%. Fragrance sales for the full year were $1,419.6 million (+14.0%) while 4th Qtr sales were $331.6 million (+5.1%). Flavor sales for the full year were $1,203.3 million (+11.3%) while 4th Qtr sales were $298.2 million (+10.4%). Net income for the full year increased 34.8% to $263.6 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.givaudan.com/sites/givaudan.corp/files/imported/pdf/Giv_2010_FYreport_EN.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Givaudan Full Year 2010 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Geneva, 8 February 2011 – In 2010, Givaudan Group sales totalled CHF 4,239 million, an increase of 8.9% in local currencies and 7.1% in Swiss francs compared to the previous year. Sales of the Fragrance Division were CHF 1,988 million, an increase of 10.5% in local currencies and 9.0% in Swiss francs. Sales of the Flavour Division were CHF 2,251 million, an increase of 7.5% in local currencies and 5.4% in Swiss francs compared to the previous year.</div>
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<a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9ODU1NjF8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=&t=1" target="_bank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sensient F&F 2010 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">- </span>Milwaukee, Feb 04, 2011<span> </span>- The Flavors & Fragrances Group reported full year 2010 sales of $809.1 million, an increase of 4.7% vs. 2009. Operating income for the same period declined 2.0%. For the 4th Qtr, F&F sales were $206.1 million, up 5.2% while operating income declined 0.5%. As these figures include dehydrated products such as dehydrated vegetables that are about 28% of sales, we estimate that the sales of conventional flavors & fragrances in 2010 were about $582.6 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.robertet.com/informations_financieres/information_financiere_reglementee.php?&ID=ACTUS-0-22397&CLIENT=ACTUS-0-192" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Robertet Full Year 2010 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- 17 January 2011 - Robertet has reported sales for 2010 of 362.25 million euros, an increase of 18.7% over 2009. Fragrance sales increased 15.7% to 130.6 million euros. Flavour sales increased 17.3% to 143.5 million euros and Ingredient sales increased 26.1% to 85.8 million euros.</div>
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<a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/japanese/03ir/pdf/4958_10tsa.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">T. Hasegawa 2009-2010 Sales Results</span></a> - December 13, 2010 - for the full year ending September 30, 2010 consolidated net sales were ¥ 45,167 million, up 4.4%. For the same period, net income increased 58.5% to ¥ 2,840 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.takasago.com/news/newsinvestor/conso2011interim.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago Half Year 2010-2011 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- November 22, 2010 - Sales for the half fiscal year ending September 30, 2010 were ¥ 60,547 million, up 2.9% from the prior year while net income increased 85.1% to ¥ 3,325 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/frutarom-the-worlds-seventh-largest-flavors-and-specialty-fine-ingredients-supplier-publishes-its-financial-results-for-q3-2010-108350034.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Frutarom 3d Qtr 2010 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Haifa, Israel – November 16, 2010 - Frutarom's revenues in the first 9 months of the year totaled US$ 338.7 M, an increase of ~ 8.2% in local currency terms compared to the first nine months of 2009 which totaled US$ 316.7. In US$ terms, Frutarom's sales increased by ~ 6.9% compared to the first nine months of 2009. Frutarom's revenues in 3d Qtr 2010 totaled US$ 111.0 M, an increase of 4.8% vs 2009. The weakening of the Euro and the Pound Sterling against the US$, which was slightly offset by the strengthening of the Swiss Franc and the NIS against the US$, resulted in a 0.6% decrease in sales in US$ terms compared to 3d Qtr 2009.</div>
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<a href="http://www.firmenich.com/filedownload.lbl?uid=a2470054-4515-0756-77cf-a8e2cc32e307" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Firmenich 2009-2010 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Oct. 13, 2010 - For the financial year ended June 30, 2010, Firmenich posted record sales of CHF 2873 million, an increase of 12.1% in local currencies and 8.7% in Swiss Francs, regaining its position as growth leader in the fragrance and flavor industry. This performance was driven by double-digit growth in Perfumery and Flavor segments, with a particularly strong rebound in Fine Fragrance during the second half of the year. The perfume and flavor ingredients business followed the trend, recording a healthy high single-digit growth performance.<span><b><br /></b></span>Leffingwell estimates that Firmenich increased market share by about 1.7% in the period.</div>
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<a href="http://www.c-direct.ne.jp/public/japanese/uj/pdf/10104914/20100514185471.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago Full Year 2009-2010 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- May 14, 2010 - Sales for the full fiscal year ending March 31, 2010 were ¥114,347 million, down 7.8% from the prior year.</div>
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<a href="http://www.frutarom.com/FrutaromNew/SendFile.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&GID=858"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Frutarom 4th Qtr & Full Year 2009 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Haifa, Israel – March 16, 2010 - Frutarom's full year sales fell 10.2% (in US $) vs. 2008, totaling $425.2 million. 4th Qtr sales increased 9.9% to $108.5 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.symrise.com/en/our-company/press/news/newsdetail.html?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=422&tx_ttnews[backPid]=3&cHash=63f954e05c" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Symrise Full Year 2009 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Holzminden, March 3, 2010 - The company increased sales by 3.2 % at actual rates and by 2.7 % at local currency. The Flavor & Nutrition division increased revenues from € 648.1 million to € 679.7 million in the 2009. The Scent & Care division benefited from an increase in business during the second half of the year. Sales for the division rose by 1.6 % to € 682.3 million (previous year: € 671.8 million).</div>
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<a href="http://www.givaudan.com/sites/givaudan.corp/files/imported/pdf/givaudan_2009_fy_an_fr.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Givaudan 4th Qtr & Full Year 2009 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">- </span>Geneva - Feb. 16, 2010 - In 2009, Givaudan group sales totaled CHF 3,959 million, an increase of 1.4% in local currencies and a decrease of 3.1% in Swiss francs compared to 2008. On a comparable basis (in local currencies and excluding the impact of divestments), sales increased by 1.6% versus 2008. The Fragrance Division recorded full year sales of CHF 1,824 million, an increase of 0.9% in local currencies and a decrease of 3.9% in Swiss Francs. After a challenging first quarter, business momentum recovered, improving consistently during the three consecutive quarters. The Division achieved sales growth of 5.3% in local currencies during the 4th Qtr 2009. The Flavour Division reported full year sales of CHF 2,135 million, representing a growth of 1.9 % in local currencies and a decline of 2.5 % in Swiss francs. Excluding the effects of the divested business, sales performance in local currencies increased 2.2%. During the fourth quarter of this year, the Division achieved sales growth of 4.3% in local currencies.</div>
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<a href="http://www.flex-news-food.com/pages/28511/Flavour/France/food-aromas-help-robertet-stable-2009.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Robertet 2009 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">- </span>Feb. 15, 2010 - Robertet has announced that its 2009 turnover increased by 0.6% to 305.1 million euro. The company's flavor division (accounting for about 40% of the company's total turnover), reported a 5.3% growth to 122.3 million euro.</div>
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<a href="http://www.c-direct.ne.jp/public/japanese/uj/pdf/10104914/20100212182598.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago 3 Qtrs 2009-2010 Sales Results</span></a> - Feb. 12, 2010 - For the 3 Qtrs period, April 1, 2009 - December 31, 2009, sales declined 9.5% to ¥ 87,576,000. The company projects a Consolidated Financial Sales Forecast for the fiscal year (April 1, 2009 - March 31, 2010) of ¥ 117,000,000, a decline year over year of 5.6%.</div>
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<a href="http://www.mane.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mane</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2009 Sales increase 13% </span>- February 08, 2010 - Mane achieved a turnover of 376.2 million euros in 2009, up 13.1% from 332.5 million euros in 2008 (personal communication).</div>
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<a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9MzYyNjZ8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=&t=1" target="_bank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sensient F&F 4th Qtr & Full Year 2009 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- February 05, 2010 - The Flavors & Fragrances Group of Sensient reported revenue for the 4th Qtr. of $195.96 million, an increase of 2.3% compared to to the same period in 2008. For the full year, sales declined 3.5% to $772.87 million vs the same 2008 period. As these figures include dehydrated products such as dehydrated vegetables that are about 29% of sales, we estimate that the sales of conventional flavors & fragrances in 2009 were about $548.7 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/japanese/03ir/pdf/4958_09tsa.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">T. Hasegawa 2008-2009 Sales Results</span></a> - November 13, 2009 - for the full year ending September 30, 2009 consolidated net sales were ¥ 43,244,000, down 4.8%. For the same period, earnings declined 19.9% to ¥ 1,792,000. For the fiscal year ending September 30, 2010 the company projects that consolidated net sales will increase 2.3% to ¥ 44,260,000. <span><b>In our table, these are listed as "2009" sales.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.firmenich.com/filedownload.lbl?uid=56875a04-1a4e-9828-cc4e-5a495d79c827" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Firmenich 2008-2009 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Oct. 7, 2009 - For the financial year ended June 30, 2009, Firmenich posted sales of CHF 2,641 million, a decline of 4.3% in local currencies. Consumer products linked to basic needs, like eating, drinking, washing and cleaning, were the most resistant to economic crisis<span>, </span>while discretionary Fine Fragrance suffered most. (It should be noted , in contrast to most other companies who reported full year sales as of December 31, Firmenich reported sales were from July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 - the period of the world's worst economic and financial crisis). <span><b>In our table, these are listed as "2008" sales.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.c-direct.ne.jp/public/japanese/uj/pdf/10104914/20090518172232.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago 2008-2009 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- May 14, 2009 - Sales for the full fiscal year ending March 31 were ¥123,973 million, down 0.2% from the prior year - but beating the latest projection of ¥122,000 million issued in February. Flavor sales for the year increased 2.5% while fragrance sales declined 3.4%. Aroma chemical & Fine chemicals (combined) declined 4%.</div>
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<a href="http://www.frutarom.com/FrutaromNew/Templates/showpage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=178&FID=618&PID=889&IID=1368"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Frutarom Full Year 2008 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Haifa, Israel – March 19, 2008 - Frutarom reported record sales of US$ 473.3 M for the year 2008 - a growth of 25% compared with 2007, excluding the effect of the strengthening of European currencies and the Shekel against the US dollar. Without excluding the aforementioned effect, sales increased by 28.5%. At the same time, Frutarom achieved an increase of 34.8% in the annual gross profit to US$ 176.3 M, an improvement of gross margin to 37.2% compared to 35.5% last year, a leap of 64% in operating profit which totaled US$ 56.6 M. During the 4th Qtr of 2008, Frutarom's sales totaled US$ 98.7 M, a decrease of 1% compared to the same quarter last year, excluding the effect of the weakening of the European currencies and the Shekel (in which most of Frutarom's sales are made) against the US dollar, at rates of up to 24%. Without excluding the aforementioned effect, sales decreased by 9%. The considerable trend of reducing inventory levels among Frutarom's customers worldwide in the last few months, also affected the decrease in sales during the fourth quarter.</div>
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<a href="http://www.symrise.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Symrise_AR08.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Symrise Full Year 2008 Sales Results</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Holzminden, March 4, 2009 - Overall sales for 2008 increased to EUR 1,319.9 million (+6.5% in local currencies and +3.6% in euros). Scent & Care increased to EUR 671.8 million (+3% in local currencies and +0.1% in euros). Flavor & Nutrition increased to EUR 648.1 million (+10.5% in local currencies and +7.4% in euros). For the year, net income dipped -7% in euros and - 2% in local currencies to € 90.4 million. "The sales performance of Scent & Care in fiscal 2008 was mixed. While Life Essentials, Household, Aroma Molecules and Mint performed according to plan, the “luxury segments” Fine Fragrances and Personal Care had to contend with demand problems caused by the global economic situation. In 2008, Scent & Care generated sales of € 671.8 million. As a result, including the acquisitions Intercontinental Fragrances and Manheimer Fragrances, sales reached the previous year’s mark. At local exchange rates Scent & Care’s sales were up by 3%. Excluding Intercontinental Fragrances and Manheimer Fragrances, sales fell slightly by 0.7% to € 666.8 million (+ 2.2% on a local currency basis). Including Chr. Hansen Flavors, Flavor & Nutrition recorded sales of € 648.1 million in 2008, an increase of 7.4% (10.4% at local rates). Excluding Chr. Hansen Flavors, sales rose by 2.4% to € 617.5 million (5.0% on a local currency basis). After the acquisition in April, Chr. Hansen flavors posted sales of € 30.6 million."</div>
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<a href="http://www.givaudan.com/sites/givaudan.corp/files/imported/pdf/givaudan_2008_fy_an_fn.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Givaudan Full Year 2008 Sales Results</span></a><span> </span>- Geneva, 17 February 2009. In 2008, Givaudan group sales totalled CHF 4,087 million, an increase of 6.7% in local currencies and a decrease of 1.1% in Swiss francs compared to 2007. On a pro forma basis, excluding the impact of the ongoing portfolio streamlining, sales increased by 2.5% in local currencies. Including this effect, sales on pro forma basis increased by 1.0% in local currencies and decreased by 6.4% in Swiss francs. Fragrance Division sales were CHF 1,898 million, an increase of 7.9% in local currencies and a decrease of 0.1% in Swiss francs versus 2007. On a pro forma basis, and, excluding the impact of discontinued ingredients, sales grew by 1.7% in local currencies. Sales of the Flavour Division were CHF 2,189 million, an increase of 5.8% in local currencies and a decrease of 2.0% in Swiss francs compared to the previous year. On a pro forma basis, and, excluding the streamlining of commodity ingredients and the St. Louis divestment, sales increased by 3.1% in local currencies.</div>
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<a href="http://ir.iff.biz/phoenix.zhtml?c=65743&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1252417&highlight="><span style="font-family: Arial;">IFF Full Year 2008 Sales Results</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Feb. 5, 2009 - Full year 2008 reported sales totaled $2,389 million, up 5% from 2007; Flavor and Fragrance sales increased 9% and 2%, respectively. 2008 sales benefited from the weaker U.S. dollar for most of the year. At comparable exchange rates, sales would have increased 2% over the prior year. Net Income was $230 million versus $247 million in 2007. The change is mainly attributable to $32 million of higher interest expense in 2008, partially offset by higher volume and favorable currency impacts. 4th Qtr. Sales in local currency increased 2% versus the comparable period in 2007, whereas reported sales of $539 million were down 3% due to the strengthening U.S. dollar. 4th Qtr. flavor sales were up 3% in local currencies while reported sales worldwide declined 1%, reflecting the stronger U.S. dollar. Fragrance sales in local currency were flat versus the comparable period last year, while reported sales were down 4%.</div>
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<a href="http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/12/124/124439/items/328506/378F9FB6-ED9F-4F84-9137-E7892400267B_annual2008.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sensient F&F Full year 2008 Sales Results</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Feb. 5, 2008 -Sensient Flavors & Fragrances reported record revenue and operating income in 2008. Annual revenue for the Group increased 5.4% to $809.6 million, compared to $768.1 million in 2007. As these figures include dehydrated products such as dehydrated vegetables that are about 27% of sales, we estimate that the sales of conventional flavors & fragrances in 2008 were about $591 million. Operating income in 2008 was up 7.6% to $123.5 million, compared to $114.7 million in 2007. For the 4th Qtr. F&F revenue was $193.5 million, off 1.2% compared to 4th quarter 2007 revenue of $195.8 million. Quarterly operating profit of $29.2 million was down 1.8% compared to prior year fourth quarter operating income of $29.7 million. Quarterly revenue and operating income on a local currency basis increased 5.8% and 5.4%, respectively. The stronger US dollar currency translation reduced reported revenue and operating income for the Flavors & Fragrances Group by approximately 7% in the 4th quarter.</div>
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<a href="http://www.actusnews.com/documents_communiques/ACTUS-0-14824-cp_robertet_19jan09.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Robertet Sales for 2008 </span></a>- Jan 20, 2009 - For the full year 2008, sales increased 25.7% to 303.17 Million Euros, reflecting the full year integration of the Charabot sales.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Mane 2008 Sales</span> - Sales for the full year 2008 rose to 332.5 million Euros, an increase of 8.2% year over year (personal communication).</div>
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<a href="http://www.c-direct.ne.jp/public/japanese/uj/pdf/10104914/20090212167504.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago Year 2008/9 Sales Projections</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span>- </span>Feb. 12, 2009 - Takasago has reduced its sales projections for the full fiscal year 2008/2009 ending Mach 31 to ¥122,000 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/japanese/03ir/pdf/4958_08ay2_e.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">T. Hasegawa 2008 Sales Results</span></a> - for the full year ending September 30, 2008 consolidated net sales were ¥ 45,421,000, down 9.3%. For the same period, net profit declined 46% to ¥ 2,238,000.</div>
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<a href="http://www.firmenich.com/filedownload.lbl?uid=59f35721-817a-d1b9-6894-56e8ea373dfb"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Firmenich 2007-2008 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Oct. 9, 2008 - Firmenich posted strong sales growth for its fiscal year ended June 30, 2008, despite an economic downturn during the second half of the year. Sales increased 18.4% in local currencies, 13.5% in Swiss Francs, to reach an annual turnover of CHF 2,847 million. <span><b>In our table, these are listed as "2007" sales.</b></span></div>
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<span><b>Rank is based on US$ equivalents</b></span><span><b><br /></b></span><sup>(1) </sup>Estimated 1999 Total World Flavor & Fragrance Sales of US $12.9 Billion. Again in year 2000, we estimate that sales growth in local currencies was about 3-4%, but the continued strengthening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies once again leaves the estimated total market in U.S. dollars at about U.S 12.9 Billion. For 2001 we believe that growth in local currencies was about 2% or less and that in US $ equivalents the market shrank to about U.S $12.7 Billion based on the strength of the dollar. For 2002, we estimate that the total world market is $15.1 billion. This sizable increase reflects a decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar of about 17.8% vs. major currencies at 12/31/02 vs 12/31/01. The continued weakness of the U.S. dollar in 2003 against the worlds major currencies (a decline of about 16%) again has affected the size of the total market in U.S. dollars (the 2003 estimate being about U.S. $16.3 billion). For 2004, the U.S. $ was again down about 5-6% against major currencies. We estimate that growth in local currencies was about 3% resulting in a total market size of about U.S. $17.7 billion. For 2005, the U.S. $ strengthened by about 12% against major currencies. We estimate that growth in local currencies was about 3% in 2005 resulting in a total market size of about U.S. $16.0 billion. For 2006, the US $ declined in value against the world's major currencies by about 9%. We estimate that growth in local currencies was about 3-4% resulting in a total market size of about U.S. $18 billion.<b> </b><span>For 2007, the US $ again declined in value against the world's major currencies by about 5.8%. For 2007, we estimate that growth in local currencies was about 4.5% resulting in a total market size of about U.S. $19.8 billion.<b></b></span></div>
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<span><b>In 2008, based on comparison of major currency rates (on Dec.31), the U$ $ had a decline of 6% against the Swiss Franc, a 23% decline against the Japanese Yen and about a 5% gain aganst the Euro. However, comparing single points in time can be somewhat misleading as during the period of March to August 2008, the dollar had a decline of about 26% against the Euro in the same prior year period. In addition, the deteriorating worldwide economic situation during the last 1/3 of the year negatively impacted sales volumes. At best we estimate that the total market grew in 2008 at about 2.5-3.0% in US $.</b></span></div>
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<b>It should be noted that Givaudan in 2001 estimated the total F&F market at "roughly" 15 billion CHF (U.S. $ 8.7 billion) while in a market study (April , 2001) </b><a href="http://www.chemsynergy.com/"><b>ChemSynergy</b></a><b> estimates the market for flavor and fragrance products is at present globally in the order of $12.24 billion. Also in a market study by </b><a href="http://www.freedoniagroup.com/"><b>The Freedonia Group</b></a><b>, they estimated the world F&F market as $14.15 billion in 1999 with a projected growth to $18.4 billion by 2004. </b><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/1372pr.pdf"><b>Get a copy of the Freedonia Press Release.</b></a></div>
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<span><b>For a historical review of Total Market Size, see below.</b></span></div>
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<b>Lazlo Unger, an economist at Givaudan , estimated the world F&F market at US 4.0 billion in 1979, 4.2 billion in 1981 (Source: Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol. 7, August/September, 1982, p. 52) and 7.0 billion in 1987 (Source: Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol .14, May/June, 1989, p. 43). Hans Hartmann of H&R estimated the world F&F market at US $ 7.8 billion in 1990 and 9.6 billion in 1995 (Source: Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol .21, March/April, 1996, p. 22), and the flavor market (only) at 4.5 billion in 1994 (Source: Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol . 20, September/October, 1995, p. 35). Ron Fenn of IFF estimated the total F&F market in 1995 at about US $ 10 billion and projected a market of 12 billion in the year 2000 (Source: Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol .23, March/April, 1996, p. 11 ) in concurrence with (or based on) Hartmann's estimates.</b></div>
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<b>For information, Chemical & Engineering News (for 2002) and Unger (for 1987) estimated world F&F sales by category as follows:</b></div>
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<span><b><table border="1" style="width: 60%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="226"><center>
<span><b>Category</b></span></center>
</td><td width="190"><center>
<span><b>% of Sales 1987</b></span></center>
</td><td><center>
<span><b>% of Sales 2002</b></span></center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td width="226"><span><b>Fragrance compounds</b></span></td><td width="190"><center>
<span><b>33.6%</b></span></center>
</td><td><center>
<span><b>35%</b></span></center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td width="226"><span><b>Flavor compounds</b></span></td><td width="190"><center>
<span><b>32.8%</b></span></center>
</td><td><center>
<span><b>41%</b></span></center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td width="226"><span><b>Aroma Chemicals</b></span></td><td width="190"><center>
<span><b>17.9%</b></span></center>
</td><td><center>
<span><b>12%</b></span></center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td width="226"><span><b>Essential Oils & Other Natural Products</b></span></td><td width="190"><center>
<span><b>15.7%</b></span></center>
</td><td><center>
<span><b>12%</b></span></center>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b></span></center>
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<a href="http://www.takasago.com/news/newsinvestor/CONSO2007.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago 2006-2007 Record Sales</span></a><span> - </span>May 15, 2007 - Sales for the fiscal year ending March 31st were ¥113,876 million, up 7.7% from the prior year. Net income increased 68% to ¥ 4,885 million.</div>
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<a href="http://www.givaudan.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=4c49ddedecad0110VgnVCM1000004a53410aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ddb984018b35a010VgnVCM1000001053410aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Givaudan 2006 Sales</span></a> - February 20, 2007 - Geneva, Switzerland, 20 February 2007. In 2006, Givaudan’s total sales increased to CHF 2,909 million, representing a 4.7% rise in Swiss Francs and a 3.5% rise in local currencies. Despite the continued ingredients streamlining in both divisions, the company continued to deliver above market sales growth for the sixth consecutive year. This streamlining impacted annual sales by CHF 33 million. Without this effect, sales in local currencies would have increased by 4.9%</div>
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<a href="http://www.c-direct.ne.jp/japanese/uj/pdf/10104914/00056284.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Takasago 3d Qtr 2006 Results</span></a> - Feb. 13, 2007 - Gross Sales for the period April 1- December 31, 2006 increased 6.7% to ¥84,136,000. Operating profit for the same period increased 10% to ¥5,274,000.</div>
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<a href="http://fr.biz.yahoo.com/23012007/18/robertet-l-activite-s-est-tassee-au-4e-trimestre.html"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Robertet 2006 Sales</span></a> - reported 2006 sales were 221,127 million euros, an increase of 6.8% over 2005 sales.</div>
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<a href="http://investor.symrise.com/288.0.html?&L=1"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Symrise 2006 Sales</span></a> - Feb. 6, 2007 - Symrise has reported preliminary sales results for 2006 of 1,230.0 million euros, up 7% from 2005. Preliminary EBITDA for 2006 was reported as 243.0 million euros, up 25.8%.</div>
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<a href="http://www.ici.com/investors/ResultsPresentations"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Quest 4th Qtr & full year 2006 Sales</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- Feb. 8, 2007 - Quest's 4th Qtr. sales increased 2.9% to 143 £m while full year 2006 sales were up 5% to 588 £m. 4th Qtr trading profit increased 36% to 15 £m while full year 2006 trading profit was up 7% to 76 £m.</div>
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<a href="http://www.sensient-tech.com/corporate/press.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sensient F&F 4th Qtr & full year 2006 Sales</span></a> - Feb. 12, 2007 - Sensient's Flavors & Fragrances Group achieved record results in 2006, as revenue for the twelve months increased 9.4% to $733.4 million and operating income increased 26.7% to $104.5 million. Flavors & Fragrances Group revenue grew 9.4% to $185.0 million in the quarter ended December 31, 2006, compared to $169.1 million in the prior year's fourth quarter. Quarterly operating income jumped 42.8% to $27.0 million compared to $18.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2005. <u>As approximately 23% of F&F sales historically has been in dehydrated vegetables, we estimate that Sensient's true F&F sales were about $565 million for year 2006.</u></div>
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<a href="http://www.iff.com/Internet.nsf/0/04208EC1528F160A8525727300456361" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">IFF 4th Qtr & Full Year 2006 Results</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>- New York, N.Y., January 30, 2007 …<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>Fourth quarter 2006 sales totaled $514 million, up 11% from the prior year quarter; fragrance and flavor sales increased 13% and 7%, respectively. Sales for the 4th quarter benefited from the generally weaker U.S. dollar; at comparable exchange rates, sales would have increased 7% in comparison to the 2005 quarter. Net income for the 2006 fourth quarter, including $1 million in after tax restructuring charges, totaled $44 million, a 192% increase compared with the prior year quarter. The 2005 fourth quarter result of $15 million included restructuring charges of $16 million after tax. Excluding the restructuring charges from both years, net income increased 48% in the 2006 fourth quarter. Sales for the full year 2006 increased 5 percent to $2.10 billion from $1.99 billion in the prior year. For year 2006, fragrance sales increased 5% and flavors increased 4%. Net income for 2006, including $2 million in after tax restructuring charges, totaled $223 million, a 15% increase compared with the prior year. Full year 2005 results of $193 million included restructuring charges totaling $16 million after tax, as well as a tax benefit of $25 million relating to repatriation of funds from overseas affiliates. Excluding the restructuring charges from both years and the one-time tax benefit from 2005, net income in 2006 increased 22% versus the comparable 2005 result.</div>
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<a href="http://www.t-hasegawa.co.jp/english/02ir_e/01ir_index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial;">T. Hasegawa 2006 Sales Results</span></a> - for the full year ending September 30, 2006 consolidated net sales were ¥47,000,000, down 1.6% while consolidated net income declined 4.35% to ¥ 3,713,000.</div>
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<span></span></div>
<table border="1"><tbody>
<tr><td><span>Disclaimer: The figures reported are derived from reliable published sources and represent our best estimates. We disclaim any material interest in any of the companies for which information is provided. Statements presented here which are not historical facts or information must be considered "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause a company's actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties with respect to a company's business include general economic and business conditions, the price and availability of raw materials, and political and economic uncertainties, including the fluctuation or devaluation of currencies in countries in which a company does business. Investors should not accept any information presented here as fact without independent verification. If errors are found in our market analysis, we would gratefully accept factual corrections.</span><br />
<span>This information is provided gratis as a service to those in the Flavor & Fragrance industry.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Comments on Total Market Size (2006-2018)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span>Leffingwell & Associates includes </span><span><b>"ingredient"</b></span><span> sales in their sales estimations, some of which run through the sales of the major F&F companies (e.g. especially Givaudan, Firmenich, Symrise, Takasago & IFF). It should be obvious that other F&F suppliers such as Kerry, Huabao International, Ogawa, KAO, BASF., Rhodia. Citrus & Allied. Symrise (</span><a href="http://www.pinovasolutions.com/" target="_blank"><span>Pinova</span></a><span> Holdings, Inc. (including </span><a href="http://www.renessenz.com/" target="_blank"><span>Renessenz</span></a><span>)), Bell Flavors & Fragrances, Wild Flavors, Camphor & Allied Products, Shiono Koryo Kaisha, Nagaoka Perfumery, plus the other ~400 F&F companies, are important to the total market size. <u>One of the controversial problems in estimating total market size has to do with potential (or real) double counting of sales</u>. This is a particular issue in the case of "ingredients". For example - in the case of essential oils and aroma chemicals they are often sold twice, e.g., the producer sells to a company which then sells to another company. For essential oils, these often require a distillation and standardization before the are ready for the end user F&F company. Or in the case of aroma chemical producers, they may sell to another company (in bulk) who then repackages in smaller containers for further sale. </span><span><b>These multiple transactions are considered by Leffingwell as being "value added" for the ultimate F&F customer and are therefore included in our figures for total market size.</b></span></div>
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<span>It should be noted in 2005 Freedonia projected that the F&F market size would be about $18.6 billion by 2008 (</span><a href="http://www.freedoniagroup.com/brochure/18xx/1886smwe.pdf"><span>http://www.freedoniagroup.com/brochure/18xx/1886smwe.pdf</span></a><span>) and that Business Insights estimated the F&F market to be $18 billion in 2006 (</span><a href="http://www.globalbusinessinsights.com/content/rbig0001m.pdf"><span>http://www.globalbusinessinsights.com/content/rbig0001m.pdf</span></a><span>). Similarly, in 2005 Frost and Sullivan estimated that the top five suppliers accounted for approximately 54 percent of the total F&F revenues (which translates to a slightly higher estimate for the total market size than the Leffingwell estimate). See </span><a href="http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-overview.pag?repid=B722-01-00-00-00&ctxst=FcmCtx1&ctxht=FcmCtx2&ctxhl=FcmCtx3&ctxixpLink=FcmCtx4&ctxixpLabel=FcmCtx5"><span>http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-overview.pag?repid=B722-01-00-00-00&ctxst=FcmCtx1&ctxht=FcmCtx2&ctxhl=FcmCtx3&ctxixpLink=FcmCtx4&ctxixpLabel=FcmCtx5</span></a></div>
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<span>However, we are aware that IAL Consultants (see below) estimates the 2006 market size at about $12.6 billion and that Firmenich estimated that for 2006-2007 that the total market size was closer to US$15 billion. Similarly, Givaudan has estimated the total market size at about CHF 17-18 billion (about US $16.9-17.9 billion) for 2008</span> <span>( see </span><a href="http://www.givaudan.com/staticweb/StaticFiles/GivaudanExtranet/Publications/fin_pubs/fy_report/2008/givaudan_2008_fy_an_fn.pdf"><span>http://www.givaudan.com/staticweb/StaticFiles/GivaudanExtranet/Publications/fin_pubs/fy_report/2008/givaudan_2008_fy_an_fn.pdf</span></a><a href="http://www.givaudan.com/givcom/jsp/channelViewUtil.jsp?channel=Our%20Company/Profile"><span> </span></a><span>). </span><span><b>Some of these discrepancies may arise from the "double counting" of sales issue discussed above.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span>A recent report on the size of the Essential oil and Aroma chemical market size is of interest.</span></div>
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<b>BCC Research </b><span><b>reports</b> </span>on the 2006 market for Essential oils and Aroma chemicals at <a href="http://www.bccresearch.com/report/CHM034B.html">http://www.bccresearch.com/report/CHM034B.html </a><span><b><br /></b></span><b>BCC Research </b><span><b>reports </b></span>"The worldwide flavors and fragrance <span><b>"ingredient"</b></span><span><b> </b></span><span><b>market is estimated to be worth approximately $6.3 billion in 2006</b></span>. Poised for an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 4.5% per year, this value should grow to $7.8 billion in 2011. Flavors and fragrances have similar economic and operational characteristics, including research and development, the nature of the creative and production processes, the manner in which the products are distributed and the preferences of the customers. World demand for quality essential oils and their derivatives is likely to see increasing demand in the coming years, and natural products will continue to remain an important part of the flavors and fragrances industry. The market should reach $5.0 billion by 2011, an AAGR of 5.2%."</div>
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<span style="color: white;">.............................................................</span><span> </span><span><b>Estimated 2006 Worldwide Essential Oil & Aroma Chemical Sales</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white;">...............................................................</span><span><img align="bottom" height="290" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/Aroma_EO.jpg" width="508" x-claris-useimageheight="" x-claris-useimagewidth="" /></span><span><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: white;">...............................................................</span><span>Source; BCC Research<b> </b>Report ID:CHM034B, Published: December 2006, Analyst: N. S. Venkataraman</span><span><b><br /></b></span> </div>
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<span><img align="bottom" height="232" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/BCC2012.jpg" width="500" /></span></blockquote>
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The flavor and fragrance industry's total demand for ingredients was an estimated $7.6 billion in 2011 and growing at a projected CAGR of 5.7%. At this rate, the market should reach $8.1 billion in 2012 and $10.7 billion by 2017 (Source: BCC Research at <a href="http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flavors-fragrances-global-markets-chm034c.html" target="_BLANK">http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flavors-fragrances-global-markets-chm034c.html</a>)</div>
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November 2014 - A Press Release from IAL Consultants estimated the World F&F market at $21.4 billion. See <a href="http://www.ialconsultants.com/uploads/CUBE_new_reports/2014-11-06/FF2014Leaflet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ialconsultants.com/uploads/CUBE_new_reports/2014-11-06/FF2014Leaflet.pdf</a></div>
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<span><img align="bottom" border="0" height="53%" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/global%20F%26F%202013.jpg" width="53%" /></span></div>
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<span><img align="bottom" height="68%" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/global%20Flavours%202013.jpg" width="52%" /></span></div>
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<span><img align="bottom" height="70%" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/global%20Fragrances%202013-2.jpg" width="52%" /></span></div>
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<span> </span>April 16, 2007 - A Press Release from IAL Consultants estimated the World F&F market at $12.6 billion. As their figures for the total market are close to that firmly documented for the top ten companies, they must be excluding much of the sales of the nearly 400+ other companies in the F&F Industry. The following charts shows their estimates as to the market breakdown. See <a href="http://www.ialconsultants.com/website/pdf/8289P.pdf">http://www.ialconsultants.com/website/pdf/8289P.pdf</a><span><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white;">......<img align="bottom" height="389" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/IAL_F%26F2006.jpg" width="340" x-claris-useimageheight="" x-claris-useimagewidth="" />..........<img align="bottom" height="385" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/IAL_Flavors2006.jpg" width="402" x-claris-useimageheight="" x-claris-useimagewidth="" /></span></div>
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<span><b>June 23, 2000 </b>- A press release from IAL Consultants estimated the World F&F market at $10.4 billion. The following charts shows the estimates as to the market breakdown.</span><span><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span><img align="bottom" height="358" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/ffmarket.gif" width="413" x-claris-useimageheight="" x-claris-useimagewidth="" /><img align="bottom" height="361" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/ffmark2.gif" width="419" x-claris-useimageheight="" x-claris-useimagewidth="" /></span></div>
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<span><img align="bottom" height="365" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/fragmark.gif" width="426" x-claris-useimageheight="" x-claris-useimagewidth="" /><img align="bottom" height="365" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/flavmark.gif" width="428" x-claris-useimageheight="" x-claris-useimagewidth="" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #003333;"><img align="bottom" height="11" src="http://www.leffingwell.com/bluarrow.gif" width="7" /></span><span style="color: #0033ff;"> <b>Email:</b></span><span><b> </b></span><a href="mailto:leffingwell@mindspring.com"><span style="color: #0033ff;"><u>leffingwell@mindspring.com</u></span></a><span style="color: black;">Copyright © 2000-2016 by Leffingwell & Associates</span></center>
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</td><td valign="top"><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/ald.htm">Aldehydes - <span>GRAS:</span><span> </span><span>Odor Properties and Molecular Visualization</span></a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/alkenol.htm">Alkenols:<span> Odor Properties and Molecular Visualization</span></a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/burnt.htm">Burnt Sugar Notes:<span> Odor Properties and Molecular Visualization</span></a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/dlacton.htm">delta-Lactones - <span>GRAS:</span><span> </span><span>Odor Properties and Molecular Visualization</span></a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/esters.htm">Esters - <span>GRAS:</span><span> </span><span>Odor Properties and Molecular Visualization</span></a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/glacton.htm">gamma-Lactones - <span>GRAS:</span><span> </span><span>Odor Properties and Molecular Visualization</span></a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/pyrazine.htm">Pyrazines - <span>GRAS:</span><span> </span><span>Odor Properties and Molecular Visualization</span></a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/odorback.htm">Odor Thesholds of GRAS Flavor Chemicals</a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/olfaction.htm">Olfaction - A Review</a><br />
<a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/caroten.htm">Carotenoids- Precursors of Important Fragrance & Flavor Constituents</a><span style="color: #0033ff;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/boronia.htm">Boronia <span style="color: #0033ff;">- Aromas from Carotenoids</span></a><span style="color: #0033ff;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/saffron.htm"><span style="color: #0033ff;">Saffron - Aromas from Carotenoids</span></a><span style="color: #0033ff;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/rose.htm">Rose - Aromas from Carotenoids</a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/osmanthus.htm">Osmanthus - Aromas from Carotenoids</a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/tob.htm">Tobacco - Aromas from Carotenoids</a><span><br /></span><a href="http://www.leffingwell.com/lycopene.htm"><span style="color: #0033ff;">Lycopene</span><span style="color: #0033ff;"> </span><span style="color: #0033ff;">- The Ultimate Phytochemical Nutraceutical?</span></a><br />
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-39000635984797075902017-03-07T14:17:00.000+07:002017-03-07T14:17:31.770+07:00Proses Penyulingan Minyak Atsiri<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Banyaknya kekayaan hayati Indonesia menjadikan semakin berkembang ide-ide untuk meningkatkan nilai jual produk tanaman terutama tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri (essential oil). Di Indonesia telah dikenal sekitar 40 jenis tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang bisa di komersialkan, tapi baru sebagian saja yang telah digunakan sebagai sumber minyak atsiri secara komersil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Proses untuk mendapatkan minyak atsiri dikenal dengan cara menyuling atau destilasi terhadap tanaman penghasil minyak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Didunia komersil, metode destilasi/penyulingan minyak atsiri dapat dilakukan dengan 3 cara, antara lain :</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Penyulingan dengan sistem rebus (Water Distillation)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Penyulingan dengan air dan uap (Water and Steam Distillation)</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Penyulingan dengan uap langsung (Direct Steam Distillation)</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Penerapan penggunaan metode tersebut didasarkan atas beberapa pertimbangan seperti jenis bahan baku tanaman, karakteristik minyak, proses difusi minyak dengan air panas, dekomposisi minyak akibat efek panas, efisiensi produksi dan alasan nilai ekonomis serta efektifitas produksi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Berikut ini akan saya bahas masing-masing metode penyulingan diatas :<a name='more'></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Penyulingan dengan sistem rebus (Water Distillation)</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAlRFCDE964ROTan4ufsmTDyvlYuHYmM72OvrNAnO1SyqcNLdTmaxdBeSCI7J6uQJhm3vzocc_eqqBXTkXXhjwPkAiChHxCQZfx1ZE7DkeTbxJllNcOd7G-RQ8Xk_LnX6L8M_aUFQb_tH0/s1600/Dest.Dandang+Lama1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAlRFCDE964ROTan4ufsmTDyvlYuHYmM72OvrNAnO1SyqcNLdTmaxdBeSCI7J6uQJhm3vzocc_eqqBXTkXXhjwPkAiChHxCQZfx1ZE7DkeTbxJllNcOd7G-RQ8Xk_LnX6L8M_aUFQb_tH0/s200/Dest.Dandang+Lama1.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="55" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Cara penyulingan dengan sistem ini adalah dengan memasukkan bahan baku, baik yang sudah dilayukan, kering ataupun bahan basah ke dalam ketel penyuling yang telah berisi air kemudian dipanaskan. Uap yang keluar dari ketel dialirkan dengan pipa yang dihubungkan dengan kondensor. Uap yang merupakan campuran uap air dan minyak akan terkondensasi menjadi cair dan ditampung dalam wadah. Selanjutnya cairan minyak dan air tersebut dipisahkan dengan separator pemisah minyak untuk diambil minyaknya saja. Cara ini biasa digunakan untuk menyuling minyak aromaterapi seperti mawar dan melati. Meskipun demikian bunga mawar, melati dan sejenisnya akan lebih cocok dengan sistem enfleurasi, bukan destilasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah ketel terbuat dari bahan anti karat seperti stainless steel, tembaga atau besi berlapis aluminium.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Penyulingan dengan air dan uap (Water and Steam Distillation)</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIimjBFEcim2k-DCpgULOEBTtUXomHZCqfb5mjbZ_TR3eorWDTKZ9R4Wp_3WPlbD1AOcAGQ0Yg2wEveV1JkHZ3KOUqhEFlwzeS7iTlzyo7CHyVkysOTQWPDm1SIBHcjOkqThPtBEcCvdcj/s1600/dest+kukus%252Blabel-cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIimjBFEcim2k-DCpgULOEBTtUXomHZCqfb5mjbZ_TR3eorWDTKZ9R4Wp_3WPlbD1AOcAGQ0Yg2wEveV1JkHZ3KOUqhEFlwzeS7iTlzyo7CHyVkysOTQWPDm1SIBHcjOkqThPtBEcCvdcj/s320/dest+kukus%252Blabel-cr.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="267" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Penyulingan dengan air dan uap ini biasa dikenal dengan sistem kukus. Cara ini sebenarnya mirip dengan system rebus, hanya saja bahan baku dan air tidak bersinggungan langsung karena dibatasi dengan saringan diatas air.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Cara ini adalah yang paling banyak dilakukan pada dunia industri karena cukup membutuhkan sedikit air sehingga bisa menyingkat waktu proses produksi. Metode kukus ini biasa dilengkapi sistem kohobasi yaitu air kondensat yang keluar dari separator masuk kembali secara otomatis ke dalam ketel agar meminimkan kehilangan air. Bagaimanapun cost produksi juga diperhitungkan dalam aspek komersial. Disisi lain, sistem kukus kohobasi lebih menguntungkan oleh karena terbebas dari proses hidrolisa terhadap komponen minyak atsiri dan proses difusi minyak dengan air panas. Selain itu dekomposisi minyak akibat panas akan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan metode uap langsung (Direct Steam Distillation).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Metode penyulingan dengan sistem kukus ini dapat menghasilkan uap dan panas yang stabil oleh karena tekanan uap yang konstan. Jika Anda membutuhkan alat suling (destilator) berbagai type dan kapasitas sesuai keinginan, bisa pesan<a href="http://farizlab.indonetwork.co.id/" style="color: #ed6007; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">disini.</a> Berbagai macam produk minyak atsiri silahkan klik<a href="http://www.minyak-atsiri.com/" style="color: #ed6007; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">www.minyak-atsiri.com</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Penyulingan dengan uap langsung (Direct Steam Distillation)</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCm8FOVqUYoa65wFYHQ_nZ30blWiXobSQvA70Hq9pSpdV5qniD73Tryz5TRqgXa3BWzt8kUkwRttNhWa1BE45KaycVuNlDhM0TkoeifVdb0U0Kn7mT7EQxIYDdc64UcEo5dJf5T5UIftfY/s1600/Dest+steam-cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCm8FOVqUYoa65wFYHQ_nZ30blWiXobSQvA70Hq9pSpdV5qniD73Tryz5TRqgXa3BWzt8kUkwRttNhWa1BE45KaycVuNlDhM0TkoeifVdb0U0Kn7mT7EQxIYDdc64UcEo5dJf5T5UIftfY/s200/Dest+steam-cr.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Pada sistem ini bahan baku tidak kontak langsung dengan air maupun api namun hanya uap bertekanan tinggi yang difungsikan untuk menyuling minyak. Prinsip kerja metode ini adalah membuat uap bertekanan tinggi didalam boiler, kemudian uap tersebut dialirkan melalui pipa dan masuk ketel yang berisi bahan baku. Uap yang keluar dari ketel dihubungkan dengan kondensor. Cairan kondensat yang berisi campuran minyak dan air dipisahkan dengan separator yang sesuai berat jenis minyak. Penyulingan dengan metode ini biasa dipakai untuk bahan baku yang membutuhkan tekanan tinggi pada proses pengeluaran minyak dari sel tanaman, misalnya gaharu, cendana, dll.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Beberapa aspek penting yang perlu diperhatikan pada proses destilasi antara lain :</span></div>
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<br /><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Bahan baku (Raw material)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Pilih bahan baku yang jelas mempunyai randemen minyak tinggi. Pengukuran rendemen minyak dilakukan di laboratorium atau bisa juga dilakukan sendiri dengan alat Stahl Distillation. Jika belum punya alatnya, Anda bisa pesan dengan <a href="http://farizlab.indonetwork.co.id/1178739/destilasi-stahl-stahl-distillation.htm" style="color: #ed6007; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">disini.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Sebelum disuling bahan baku harus dirajang dahulu untuk mempermudah keluarnya minyak yang berada di ruang antar sel dalam jaringan tanaman.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Tentukan juga perlakuan awal raw material, apakah bahan basah, layu atau kering. Ini sangat penting karena setiap bahan baku memerlukan penenangan yang berbeda. Sebagai contoh perlakuan nilam sebaiknya dalam keadaan kering dengan kadar air antara 22-25%. Jika yang masuk ketel adalah nilam basah membutuhkan waktu destilasi lebih lama, akibatnya cost produksi menjadi lebih besar.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Alat Penyulingan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Untuk mendapatkan produk minyak atsiri yang berkualitas, gunakan alat yang tidak bereaksi/menimbulkan kontaminasi terhadap produk minyak. Material yang baik adalah dengan glass/pyrex dan stainless steel. Untuk material glass hanya mampu untuk skala laboratorium, sedang skala industri biasa digunakan stainless steel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Jenis material stainlees steel mulai dari yang paling bagus antara lain :</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Material Pharmaceutical Grade (SUS 316)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Material Food Grade (SUS 314)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Material Mild Mild Steel Galvanized</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Material Mild Steel</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Untuk keperluan destilasi minyak atsiri biasa digunakan material food grade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Perlu diperhatikan juga penggunaan jacket ketel atau sekat kalor jika proses penyulingan berada didaerah dingin seperti di pengunungan, ini dimaksudkan agar mengurangi kehilangan kalor panas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Jangan lupa dipasang juga accessories control dan safety device yang minimal berupa thermometer, manometer tekanan (pressure gauge) dan safety valve untuk alat destilasi yang menggunakan boiler.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Condensor (Pendingin)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Alat ini digunakan untuk kondensasi (mengembunkan) uap yang keluar dari ketel. Prinsip kerja alat adalah merubah fase uap menjadi fase cair karena pertukaran kalor pada pipa pendingin. Pada alat berskala laboratorium bisa menggunakan condensor lurus (liebig), sedang untuk skala industri harus menggunakan kondensor yang lebih besar. Kondensor untuk skala produksi berbahan stainless dalam bentuk pipa spiral agar kontak dengan air pendingin lebih lama dan area perpindahan kalor juga lebih panjang.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj555Iq0UaaPbOmVvxpQWnWDRS8IiYWroap0uvDJRBsxkStbU7_jfPJdEFcQFajYpuhSC-mEiwI1pq3dY-ygoynz1nEpAopSUVjBBaIeuPUP2uNLSsmJcALcA77r_Q08hiR21N5F3XLPD0v/s1600/sparator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj555Iq0UaaPbOmVvxpQWnWDRS8IiYWroap0uvDJRBsxkStbU7_jfPJdEFcQFajYpuhSC-mEiwI1pq3dY-ygoynz1nEpAopSUVjBBaIeuPUP2uNLSsmJcALcA77r_Q08hiR21N5F3XLPD0v/s1600/sparator.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" /></a><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Separator (Pemisah Minyak)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Alat ini berfungsi untuk memisahkan minyak atsiri dengan air berdasarkan perbedaan berat jenis. Separator untuk alat suling sistem kukus kohobasi tersedia 2 macam yaitu untuk minyak dengan density (massa jenis) rendah dan minyak density tinggi.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Receiver Tank (Tangki Penampung)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Digunakan untuk menampung minyak atsiri, bisa dari bahan glass atau stainless steel. Untuk bahan glass, gunakan botol gelap agar minyak terhindar dari masuknya sinar matahari langsung sehingga tidak menurunkan grade minyak.</span></div>
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-29326947145817034792017-03-07T11:57:00.003+07:002017-03-07T11:57:59.773+07:00Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjKTKeTo0pN5oWXp8dIvXcCePp5T5H32oNyqiian8TN-Jfnh8EiQgXg5SXEF7s0xkV5cpwBxllz4bQwH7kRbha8nY9dBoa-G_xnKoJSrsAF9FxTKLJLg2Al01WICDQsS1vQv6u3erEx_2/s1600/logo+msds3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjKTKeTo0pN5oWXp8dIvXcCePp5T5H32oNyqiian8TN-Jfnh8EiQgXg5SXEF7s0xkV5cpwBxllz4bQwH7kRbha8nY9dBoa-G_xnKoJSrsAF9FxTKLJLg2Al01WICDQsS1vQv6u3erEx_2/s200/logo+msds3.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="190" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MSDS atau dalam bahasa kita dikenal dengan ‘Informasi Data Keamanan Bahan’ merupakan informasi mengenai cara </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">pengendalian bahan kimia berbahaya (B3), bisa diartikan juga lembar keselamatan bahan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Informasi MSDS ini berisi tentang uraian umum bahan, sifat fisik dan kimiawi, cara penggunaan, penyimpanan hingga pengelolaan bahan buangan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Mengapa kita harus mengetahui dan menerapkan MSDS ?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Pada prinsipnya agar kita tetap terjaga kesehatan dan keselamatan pada waktu bekerja menggunakan bahan kimia. Selain itu fungsi MSDS adalah agar :<br />1. Mengetahui potensi bahan kimia<br />2. Menerapkan teknologi pengendalian dalam melindungi pekerja<br />3. Mengembangkan rencana pengelolaan bahan kimia di tempat kerja</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">4. Merencanakan pelatihan pada pekerja yang langsung kontak dengan B3<a name='more'></a><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Dalam dunia kerja, baik di laboratorium maupun lapangan, komponen bahan kimia berada di dalam :</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid__zVNjwh3plEPU7bUJmPsbXOCgvCv1LTdkHFOH3hubPpIGKg5T3vcUYHpSXF682qgDgR9nl2bkcmtwXd_BkDV6UZ8dwzHC3IJETCJDaZ0SgolE6nGLG008LLqmNmBAVbITzb3KgSEVao/s1600/starting+material.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed6007; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid__zVNjwh3plEPU7bUJmPsbXOCgvCv1LTdkHFOH3hubPpIGKg5T3vcUYHpSXF682qgDgR9nl2bkcmtwXd_BkDV6UZ8dwzHC3IJETCJDaZ0SgolE6nGLG008LLqmNmBAVbITzb3KgSEVao/s200/starting+material.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="200" /></a></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Bahan baku (<i>starting material</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Bahan produk utama</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Bahan produk samping</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Bahan untuk analisis</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Bahan buangan</span></li>
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<br /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Dengan demikian yang harus menggunakan dan menerapkan lembar MSDS antara lain:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Produsen bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Pihak pengangkut bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Penyimpan dan supplier bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Pengguna bahan (</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Industri, </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Laboratorium dan Institusi akademik)</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Pengolah bahan buangan</span></li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnt0Luzf3dAGvgogUc3q1xO5OROszZTNyOQa0HwSp7pyNdCsQIl7vXHsYPj8RyE7yUZAAKPzgA7bEvfkhphC0DD6MJtYQnlfj0KSXRrDUMVxFjWZ9HAPQJ7g6xeybZBMdXDFmFWypH2zwr/s1600/logo+bahaya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnt0Luzf3dAGvgogUc3q1xO5OROszZTNyOQa0HwSp7pyNdCsQIl7vXHsYPj8RyE7yUZAAKPzgA7bEvfkhphC0DD6MJtYQnlfj0KSXRrDUMVxFjWZ9HAPQJ7g6xeybZBMdXDFmFWypH2zwr/s400/logo+bahaya.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Rincian isi MSDS antara lain :<br />1. Informasi umum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">a. Tanggal pembuatan</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">b. Alamat produsen atau suplier</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">c. Nomor seri CAS (<i>Chemical Abstract Serial Number</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">d. Nama kimia</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">e. Nama perdagangan dan sinonim</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">f. Nama kimia lainnya</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">g. Rumus struktur dan rumus kimia</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">h. Tanda bahaya bahan kimia</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">2. Informasi komponen berbahaya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">a. Batas paparan tiap komponen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">b. Komposisi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">c. Persen berat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">3. Informasi data sifat fisika</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">a. Titik didih</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">b. Tekanan uap</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">c. Kerapatan uap</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">d. Titik beku atau titik leleh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">e. Kerapatan cairan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">f. Persen penguapan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">g. Kelarutan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">h. Penampakan fisik dan bau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">4. Informasi tentang data kemudahan terbakar dan ledakan</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidhG2iBQkJkFvlw7IwZI-pXU25gmtClNIjm8Wn6O2Un5SGc4bQSZS7qsqtBwSJLVPykZcNvSRDXTe7rPT9W7FTQQU_GQp-KvtxCun84cE5on8SA_IQbDCqwIosEFNVx0AYzV06Hpc1ISkk/s1600/4.flamable.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidhG2iBQkJkFvlw7IwZI-pXU25gmtClNIjm8Wn6O2Un5SGc4bQSZS7qsqtBwSJLVPykZcNvSRDXTe7rPT9W7FTQQU_GQp-KvtxCun84cE5on8SA_IQbDCqwIosEFNVx0AYzV06Hpc1ISkk/s200/4.flamable.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">a. Titik nyala</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">b. Batas kemampuan terbakar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">c. Batas temperatur terendah yang menimbulkan ledakan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">d. Batas temperatur tertinggi yang menimbulkan ledakan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">e. Media /bahan kimia yang digunakan untuk pemadaman</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">f. Prosedur khusus untuk pemadaman</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">5. Informasi data reaktivitas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">a. Stabilitas bahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">b. Pengaturan lokasi penempatan bahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">c. Produk dekomposisi yang berbahaya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">d. Produk polimerisasi yang berbahaya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">6. Informasi tentang bahaya kesehatan</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAjayig7c5-rcM47abA_zVReWa7JEjHD4LqoorPYGg2hN5OfZFgA9ot8DA9QJ3uX7F0LsPNPFBl9qSv7PoMBZNWlJUOAKYUiwDj0w9l2UG5d4dhdFlR3gDDmnBnyyIsUGHUQdTqXz3NNs_/s1600/6.kontak+mata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed6007; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAjayig7c5-rcM47abA_zVReWa7JEjHD4LqoorPYGg2hN5OfZFgA9ot8DA9QJ3uX7F0LsPNPFBl9qSv7PoMBZNWlJUOAKYUiwDj0w9l2UG5d4dhdFlR3gDDmnBnyyIsUGHUQdTqXz3NNs_/s200/6.kontak+mata.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">a. Efek terkena paparan yang berlebihan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">b. Prosedur pertolongan darurat dan pertolongan pertama akibat kecelakaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">c. Kontak pada mata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">d. Kontak pada kulit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">e. Terhirup pada pernafasan</span></div>
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<br /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">7. Informasi prosedur pengumpulan, pengelolaan dan pengolahan limbah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">a. Langkah-langkah yang harus diambil untuk pengumpulan limbah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">b. Prosedur pengelolaan dan pengolahan limbah di lapangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">c. Prosedur pengelolaan dan pengolahan limbah di laboratorium</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">d. Metoda pemusnahan limbah bahan kimia</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghNsxY2uWruUfJjA1926Ifos_Ezlh6ALIzrfjIxfBE_OL3TBle6UPKdm0b-U5Bs2aOMNU_IUr0ZM2Nd2vsT4NCRgdZb_OHqhevOQuEnniruYi4B5taZBqkhBTpBjqyAg6rVA2WZtlYiqUH/s1600/8.respirasi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghNsxY2uWruUfJjA1926Ifos_Ezlh6ALIzrfjIxfBE_OL3TBle6UPKdm0b-U5Bs2aOMNU_IUr0ZM2Nd2vsT4NCRgdZb_OHqhevOQuEnniruYi4B5taZBqkhBTpBjqyAg6rVA2WZtlYiqUH/s200/8.respirasi.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="106" /></a><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">8. Informasi perlindungan bahan kimia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">a. Perlindungan respiratory</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">b. Ventilasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">c. Sarung tangan pelindung</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">d. Pelindung mata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">e. Peralatan pelindung lainnya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">f. Pengawasan perlindungan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">9. Informasi penanganan awal khusus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">a. Penanganan khusus dalam penggunaan dan penyimpanan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">b. Penanganan awal lainnya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">10. Informasi Data transportasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">a. Nama dan jenis transportasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">b. Tanda kelas bahaya bahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">c. Tanda label</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">d. Tanda merk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">e. Prosedur darurat akibat kecelakaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">f. Prosedur penanganan awal yang harus dilakukan selama tranportasi.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUtiEtWssBKDDVlxpZ52u9Jlj7uGxkGUI4cGfMCmVNs9a5UT4Nd8aV-2nNH2gN4z3bxM59xJuwwcVKzCdNewC6CyVGc7p7Qvtn3GvYbJSNNcx4eKZbGetQvvTfcYnhr7qQy4922kfRrnv0/s1600/cd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUtiEtWssBKDDVlxpZ52u9Jlj7uGxkGUI4cGfMCmVNs9a5UT4Nd8aV-2nNH2gN4z3bxM59xJuwwcVKzCdNewC6CyVGc7p7Qvtn3GvYbJSNNcx4eKZbGetQvvTfcYnhr7qQy4922kfRrnv0/s200/cd.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">TEKNIK PENELUSURAN MSDS</span><br /><m:smallfrac m:val="off"><m:narylim m:val="undOvr"></m:narylim></m:smallfrac><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kita dapat mengetahui secara lengkap isi dari MSDS dari berbagai sumber. Adapun mengenai teknik untuk menelusuri MSDS antara lain dari :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Dari buku literatur K3 di Perpustakaan atau instansi terkait</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">CDROM dari produsen bahan kimia</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Internet :</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> <a href="http://www.msdsonline.com/" style="color: #ed6007; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">http://www.msdsonline.com/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> <a href="http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtksfs.htm" style="color: #ed6007; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtksfs.htm</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> <a href="http://www.ilpi.com/msds/" style="color: #ed6007; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">http://www.ilpi.com/msds/</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN MSDS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Inventarisasi bahan-bahan kimia yang terkait pekerjaan</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Pengumpulan dan penelusuran dokumen MSDS</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Modifikasi MSDS</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Melaksanakan dan mematuhi rekomendasi dari MSDS</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<m:smallfrac m:val="off"><m:narylim m:val="undOvr"></m:narylim></m:smallfrac><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Yang sangat penting untuk diperhatikan adalah memperlakukan bahan kimia dalam bekerja agar :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Selalu merujuk MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Preparasi bahan dengan benar</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Pengemasan dan penyimpanan bahan yang tepat</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Penggunaan pada takaran yang tepat</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Pengelolaan buangan bahan secara bijaksana </span></div>
<br /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Contoh MSDS seperti ini :</span><br /><a href="http://lansida.blogspot.co.id/2011/01/material-safety-data-sheet-msds.html" target="_blank">sumber</a><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeH8eO7plRaNNg4z7HZvoPfBFdhoQ3INL75ptA7UUzfqZ1RmY8mUP_iR1dufYWvcnZXnN8V_0xWAV7hWYTbXZUXCBJ-L94GLswRM5XX8PNmJKRKtOFm5Umf3nKjtCn8mmcBXM-gJ1DLh7j/s1600/contoh+msds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #ed6007; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeH8eO7plRaNNg4z7HZvoPfBFdhoQ3INL75ptA7UUzfqZ1RmY8mUP_iR1dufYWvcnZXnN8V_0xWAV7hWYTbXZUXCBJ-L94GLswRM5XX8PNmJKRKtOFm5Umf3nKjtCn8mmcBXM-gJ1DLh7j/s400/contoh+msds.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="317" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 9.6px;">Contoh MSDS<br /><br /><br /></td></tr>
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-10261951162416348782017-03-07T11:29:00.000+07:002017-03-07T14:19:30.476+07:00Proses Ekstraksi Oleoresin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgro9eA92ka7-d80GCZY504ZJiff8x7jGxDwRisPL0P_fqTsLferlbVb7K_8SeIwy0srzx6V_-WSA1dSmDhEjh-4Z1LrF7zdOfvUDO3tOENWhRWvHRIPJ0Jr6xE6yTRLQxgrpBdPKyjeYcq/s1600/paprika+oleo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgro9eA92ka7-d80GCZY504ZJiff8x7jGxDwRisPL0P_fqTsLferlbVb7K_8SeIwy0srzx6V_-WSA1dSmDhEjh-4Z1LrF7zdOfvUDO3tOENWhRWvHRIPJ0Jr6xE6yTRLQxgrpBdPKyjeYcq/s1600/paprika+oleo.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Oleoresin merupakan campuran senyawa minyak atsiri dan resin yang diperoleh dengan cara ekstraksi. Dalam perdagangan, sudah banyak oleoresin yang dipasarkan seperti oleoresin jahe (ginger), cabe (capsicum), lada hitam (black pepper), kayu manis (cinnamon bark), bunga cengkeh (clove bud oleoresin), pala (nutmeg oleoresin), paprika oleoresin, dan masih banyak lagi yang lain. Umumnya oleoresin ini bisa berbentuk cair, pasta ataupun padatan tergantung dari komponen senyawa yang terkandung. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sedang fungsi oleoresin adalah sebagai bahan baku flavor, disamping sebagai bahan pengawet alami. Di dunia industri, oleoresin digunakan sebagai bahan baku obat, kosmetik, parfum, pengalengan daging, fresh drink dan masih banyak lagi, hingga industri bakery maupun kembang gulapun juga membutuhkan oleoresin.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kebutuhan bahan alami oleoresin saat ini meningkat tajam. Untuk keperluan ekspor saja, Indonesia belum mampu memenuhi permintaan pasar padahal bahan baku rempah di Indonesia sangat melimpah. Banyak tanaman rempah sebagai bahan baku oleoresin hanya bisa tumbuh di daerah tropis seperti Indonesia. Sementara pasar/buyer oleoresin seperti daratan Eropa, Amerika termasuk Timur Tengah tidak bisa menanam sendiri bahan rempah yang sangat banyak ragamnya. Ujung-ujungnya mereka akan tetap selalu mengimpor produk rempah sebagai kekayaan hayati Indonesia. Terlebih lagi Eropa sudah mengaklamasikan “Back to Nature” untuk masyarakatnya. Masyarakat maju seperti di Eropa memang sudah mulai meninggalkan produk sintetis untuk beralih ke produk alami yang mempunyai efek samping sangat-sangat rendah dibanding produk sintetik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Industri oleoresin di Indonesia sangat terbatas jumlahnya, sampai-sampai perusahaan pengguna oleoresin di harus import oleoresin dari negara lain. Ini artinya peluang bisnis memproduk oleoresin sangat lebar, terlebih lagi bahan baku rempah juga tersedia melimpah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Inilah kesempatan emas orang Indonesia untuk meraih sukses dengan memproduksi oleoresin yang jauh lebih profit dibanding menjual bahan mentah rempah ke luar negeri.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>Proses Ekstraksi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bahan baku bersih yang telah disortasi dikecilan ukuran ukurannya dengan cara menggiling menggunakan mesin grinding, baru pengayakan pada mesh tertentu. Untuk mendapat hasil berkualitas, gunakan mesin penggiling rempah yang inert yaitu berbahan stainless steel.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFwrRm0dfSUGBpRqkdpEnRuOdH8nrK464j4A5YOAQEmeaKpLZsdvn-I0S4Nkbs58mnHR-B2Kn1vt7hh-_5D4xVlcQb7Jt27Mpm3vqT6c-jr4deTk7UMccBMqXDqJbBANUqHu3NiO4F-Kqb/s1600/percolator+lansida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed6007; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFwrRm0dfSUGBpRqkdpEnRuOdH8nrK464j4A5YOAQEmeaKpLZsdvn-I0S4Nkbs58mnHR-B2Kn1vt7hh-_5D4xVlcQb7Jt27Mpm3vqT6c-jr4deTk7UMccBMqXDqJbBANUqHu3NiO4F-Kqb/s200/percolator+lansida.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="123" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 9.6px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Perkolator</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tahap selanjutnya serbuk bahan baku diekstraksi dengan pelarut organik. Ada beberapa pelarut yang biasa dipakai seperti etanol, metilen chloride, aceton, hexan, dll. Pemilihan solven organik ini disesuaikan dengan jenis rempah yang diekstraksi agar mendapat hasil yang optimum dan spesifikasi produk oleoresin sesuai standar yang telah ditentukan. Selain pemilihan pelarut, pemilihan metode ekstraksi juga berpengaruh terhadap produk. Metode ekstraksi skala industri bisa dengan ekstrak maserasi satu tahap dan multi tahap atau menggunakan metode perkolasi dengan <a href="http://farizlab.indonetwork.co.id/3495187/alat-ekstraksi-perkolator.htm" style="color: #ed6007; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">alat perkolator</a> untuk mendapatkan proses penyarian yang sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD6EmlTVPP-12sDLsOrB5WsGzEM5vF2olL587vcW9uRiu9jwbciY46FvZAXMIF9Qel_IHTRIb-hZORZ8YSNF95D87Edqr8tlEhjh_ig1YeGrLvjUgHew5q9vXzDY0N2Mi8Qlw9a9qHyF7Q/s1600/vacuum+filter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed6007; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD6EmlTVPP-12sDLsOrB5WsGzEM5vF2olL587vcW9uRiu9jwbciY46FvZAXMIF9Qel_IHTRIb-hZORZ8YSNF95D87Edqr8tlEhjh_ig1YeGrLvjUgHew5q9vXzDY0N2Mi8Qlw9a9qHyF7Q/s200/vacuum+filter.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" width="105" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 9.6px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">vacuum filter</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Selanjutnya dilakukan filtrasi untuk memisahkan residu dan filtrat menggunakan alat filtrasi. Untuk mempercepat proses filtrasi, gunakan alat filtrasi sistem vakum. Penggunaan filter penyaring bisa dipasang berapa mikron yang akan dipakai, menyesuaikan bahan baku yang diekstraksi. Kemudian filtrat yang diperoleh selanjutnya dievaporasi atau diuapkan dengan evaporator recycling solvent agar diperoleh oleoresin murni. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim1LsHoRkjQ9XhyKX9LyLcjjD9elacdwZkjqi9M-sPbdcAy_3pYZWiVtzQ9t1RjG6SXmEX6KZTGVLqrT-aVkbEEjx10vPJemndzzlwP2GVQXjaZtXUyisYa2G05LHa1h0vYCjQ7UrfD3JT/s1600/evaporator+lansida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed6007; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim1LsHoRkjQ9XhyKX9LyLcjjD9elacdwZkjqi9M-sPbdcAy_3pYZWiVtzQ9t1RjG6SXmEX6KZTGVLqrT-aVkbEEjx10vPJemndzzlwP2GVQXjaZtXUyisYa2G05LHa1h0vYCjQ7UrfD3JT/s1600/evaporator+lansida.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px 4px 4px 0px; padding: 0px;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 9.6px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Evaporator oleoresin</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penggunaan <a href="http://farizlab.indonetwork.co.id/3405844/mesin-evaporasi-sistem-vakum.htm" style="color: #ed6007; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">alat evaporator recycling solvent</a> ini dimaksudkan agar pelarut tertampung dalam container dan bisa digunakan lagi untuk ekstraksi sehingga mendapat efisien cost produksi. Peralatan pendukung produksi herbal seperti ini dapat diperoleh<a href="http://farizlab.indonetwork.co.id/farizlab.htm" style="color: #ed6007; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">disini</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hasil oleoresin murni selanjutnya diuji kualitas dengan parameter yang telah ditentukan tergantung bahan uji yang diekstraksi. Sebagai contoh, oleoresin capsicum ditest dengan parameter tingkat kepedasan, kekentalan, sisa pelarut dan microbiological testing seperti total plate count, total yeast and mould dan E.coli salmonella.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-38548907948701953322017-03-07T11:04:00.003+07:002017-03-07T14:19:18.447+07:00Manfaat Essential Oil untuk Wajah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Essential oil adalah nyawa dari tanaman. Di dalamnya terkandung segala manfaat yang dimiliki tanaman. Essential oil sangat kuat, sehingga cukup setetes saja kita sudah dapat merasakan manfaatnya. Karena essential oil sangatlah kuat, kita tidak dapat menggunakannya secara langsung, harus dicampur dengan carrier oil. Kamu bisa membaca postku tentang Carrier Oil di sini.</div>
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Ada beberapa hal dasar yang harus diketahui mengenai essential oil:<br />
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<li>Hampir semua essential oil tidak dapat digunakan langsung ke kulit. Essential oil harus dicampur dengan carrier oil.</li>
<li>Hanya perlu beberapa tetes saja untuk mendapatkan manfaat dari essential oil.</li>
<li>Essential oil bisa digunakan dengan cara dihirup, dioleskan mau pun dimakan. Tapi tidak semua essential oil bisa dimakan, essential oil yang paling umum dan aman untuk dimasukkan ke dalam pencernaan adalah essential oil mint (peppermint/spearmint)</li>
<li>Jika kamu alergi terhadap suatu tanaman, maka kamu pun alergi terhadap essential oil tanaman tersebut.</li>
<li>Beberapa essential oil bersifat photo toxic, alias akan menyebabkan iritasi apabila terkena sinar matahari. Essential oil citrus (orange, lemon, lemongrass, citronella, dsb) semua bersifat photo toxic.</li>
<li>Reaksi orang terhadap essential oil berbeda-beda. Lakukan tes pada lipatan tangan terlebih dahulu untuk mengetahui apakah essential oil tersebut menyebabkan iritasi atau tidak.</li>
<li>Percayalah pada hidungmu. Misalnya, aku suka dengan aroma geranium, maka kemungkinan besar geranium akan bekerja dengan baik di kulitku juga. Sedangkan aku tidak suka dengan aroma jasmine, maka lebih baik aku juga menghindari penggunaan essential oil jasmine dalam skin care ku.</li>
<li>Essential oil asli tidak memiliki masa kadaluarsa. Seperti wine, essential oil akan jadi lebih bermanfaat seiring dengan waktu. Tapi perhatikan juga cara penempatannya. Simpanlah dalam botol kaca berwarna gelap, hindari sinar matahari dan panas.</li>
<li>Walau disebut oil, essential oil tidak mengandung fatty acid. Oleh karena itu, jika kamu mengoleskan essential oil, tidak akan ada residu lemak di permukaan kulit. Essential oil akan langsung menyerap ke dalam kulitmu.<a name='more'></a></li>
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Essential oil bisa dikategorikan berdasarkan jenis aroma (earthy, woody, flowery, citrus, dll), atau pun berdasarkan kemampuannya melawan organisme mikro (Antiseptik, antibiotik, anti jamur dan anti viral). Walau begitu, kebanyakan essential oil memiliki kemampuan antiseptik, karena itulah essential oil seringkali digunakan dalam cairan pembersih buatan sendiri.<br />
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Berikut ini adalah beberapa essential oil yang sering digunakan untuk skin care wajah<br />
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<span style="color: #674ea7;">Chamomile German (<i>Matricaria chamomilla</i>).</span><br />
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<li>Meredakan radang</li>
<li>Meredakan eczema</li>
<li>Meredakan jerawat</li>
<li>Cocok dicampur dengan: Lavender, geranium, rosemary, tea tree, patchouli, frankincense, lemon, bergamot</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;">Frankincense (<i>Boswellia carterii</i>)</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Memperbaiki struktur kulit</li>
<li>Menyegarkan kulit (tonic)</li>
<li>Anti septik</li>
<li>Cocok dicampur dengan: Orange, sandalwood, vertiver, geranium, lavender, neroli, rose, patchouli, ylang-ylang</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br />
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">Geranium (<i>Pelagonium graveolens, P rosecum, P asperum</i>)</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Dikenal juga sebagai "poor man's rose", karena memiliki manfaat dan aroma yang hampir sama dengan mawar, tetapi memiliki harga yang jauh lebih murah.</li>
<li>Anti bakteri</li>
<li>astringent</li>
<li>tonic</li>
<li>anti septik</li>
<li>merangsang regenerasi sel</li>
<li>Cocok dicampur dengan: Lavender, Rosemary, Peppermint, ylang-ylang, sandalwood, frankincense, orange, jasmine</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br />
<span style="color: #674ea7;">Lavender (<i>Lavendula angustifolia, L officnalis, L vera, L fragrans</i>)</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Meredakan radang</li>
<li>Meredakan eczema</li>
<li>Meredakan kemerahan akibat sinar matahari</li>
<li>Membantu menyembuhkan bekas luka</li>
<li>Bagus untuk perawatan bekas luka</li>
<li>Anti septik</li>
<li>tonic</li>
<li>Cocok dicampur dengan: lemon, geranium, chamomile roman & german, tea tree, peppermint, lemongrass</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;">Lemon (<i>Citrus limonum</i>)</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Tonic</li>
<li>meredakan jerawat</li>
<li>Cocok dicampur dengan: semua essential oil</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Patchouli (<i>Pogostemon cablin</i>)</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Tonic, mengencangkan pori-pori</li>
<li>astringent</li>
<li>antibiotik</li>
<li>anti jamur</li>
<li>meredakan radang kulit</li>
<li>Cocok dicampur dengan: chamomile german, frankincense, geranium, sandalwood, vetiver, ylang-ylang</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br />
<span style="color: #45818e;">Peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i>)</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Tonic, menyegarkan</li>
<li>anti septik</li>
<li>antibiotik</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br />
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">Tea Tree (<i>Melaleuca alternifolia)</i></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Mengatasi radang kulit</li>
<li>mengobati luka terbuka</li>
<li>mengatasi infeksi</li>
<li>anti radang</li>
<li>mengencangkan kulit</li>
<li>Tonic</li>
<li>Cocok dicampur dengan: Lavender, peppermint, chamomile german & roman</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br />
Note: Belum semua essential oil ditulis, nanti akan diupdate ya~</div>
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sausrkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15868832130983495802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-860967639379759440.post-4932439735126425632017-03-07T10:56:00.001+07:002017-03-07T14:21:37.478+07:00Essential Oil & Khasiatnya<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img align="left" alt="" class="img-responsive" src="http://www.femina.co.id/images/images_tiny/1016.jpg" pagespeed_url_hash="3723943053" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 7px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="377" /><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">FRANKINCENSE</span></span><br />
Dikenal sejak beribu-ribu tahun yang lalu, <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Frankincense </i>termasuk pohon yang dianggap mulia dan dipercaya memiliki nilai mistis yang sangat tinggi. <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Frankincense</i> tumbuh di lingkungan yang sangat sulit, seperti di gurun daerah Afrika selatan, dan memiliki <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">resin</i> berwarna krem kecoklatan yang jatuh dari pohonnya. <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Resin</i> inilah yang didistilasi sehingga menghasilkan cairan berwarna kuning kehijauan. <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Essential oil </i>ini memiliki khasiat <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">antiaging</i> dan membantu proses <a href="http://www.femina.co.id/shop.dine/spa.dan.salon/rahasia.wajah.cling/007/002/15" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="" title="revitalisasi kulit"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">revitalisasi</span></span></a> dan <a href="http://www.femina.co.id/cantik/info.produk/rejuvenasi.leher/002/004/108" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="" title="rejuvenasi kulit"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">rejuvenasi kulit</span></span></a>, terutama kulit yang terkena <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sunburn </i>akibat terpapar panas matahari yang berlebih.<br />
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<img align="left" alt="" class="img-responsive" src="http://www.femina.co.id/images/images_tiny/1017.jpg" pagespeed_url_hash="4018442974" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 7px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="377" /><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">GERANIUM</span></span></span><br />
Berasal dari Afrika selatan, Madagaskar, Mesir, dan Maroko, Geranium mulai diperkenalkan ke Eropa pada abad ke 17. <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Essential oil</i> yang berwarna jernih kehijauan ini memiliki efek yang mengagumkan untuk mempercepat perbaikan jaringan kulit sehingga kulit tampak lebih muda dan bersinar. Bisa menjadi solusi jitu untuk mengobati masalah kulit jerawat, <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sunburn</i>, dan produksi minyak yang berlebihan. Hindari menggunakan <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">geranium </i>bila Anda sedang hamil.<br />
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<img align="left" alt="" class="img-responsive" src="http://www.femina.co.id/images/images_tiny/1018.jpg" pagespeed_url_hash="17975599" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 7px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="377" /><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LAVENDER SPIKE</span></span></span><br />
Berbeda dengan <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">lavender</i> biasa dan memiliki bentuk yang lebih runcing dan aroma yang lebih tajam daripada <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">lavender</i> biasa. Berasal dari dari daerah Perancis dan cocok untuk mengatasi masalah kulit kepala seperti ketombe dan <a href="http://www.femina.co.id/cantik/rambut/byebye.rambut.rontok/002/003/82" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="" title="bye-bye rambut rontok"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">kerontokan rambut</span></span></a>.<br />
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<img align="left" alt="" class="img-responsive" src="http://www.femina.co.id/images/images_tiny/1019.jpg" pagespeed_url_hash="312475520" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 7px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="377" /><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">YLANG YLANG </span></span></span><br />
Lebih dikenal dengan bunga kenanga, berasal dari negara tropis seperti Indonesia, Malaysia, maupun Madagaskar. Bunga yang biasa ditaburkan di atas tempat tidur para pengantin baru ini ternyata memiliki khasiat yang luas setelah melalui proses distilasi menjadi <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">essential oil</i>. Sangat bagus untuk pertumbuhan rambut dan juga efektif untuk mengatasi jerawat karena mengontrol produksi sebum dan menyeimbangkan kondisi kulit yang terlalu kering ataupun terlalu berminyak.<br />
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<img align="left" alt="" class="img-responsive" src="http://www.femina.co.id/images/images_tiny/1020.jpg" pagespeed_url_hash="1881727514" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 7px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="377" /><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ROSE</span></span></span><br />
Diantara semua jenis <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">essential oil </i>mungkin <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">rose</i> yang paling eksklusif karena pembuatannya sangat kompleks. Dibutuhkan kurang lebih 60.000 kelopak mawar untuk mengekstraksi satu ons <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">essential oil</i>, sehingga tak heran bila harganya pun sangat mahal. <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rose essential oil </i>yang sangat bagus untuk melawan efek penuaan dan kerutan. Selain memiliki manfaat <i style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">antiaging</i>, essential oil ini juga cocok untuk kulit sensitif dan mengatasi masalah pembuluh darah yang melebar.<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(f)</span></span><br />
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